Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of RNA polymerase during transcription in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It unwinds the DNA and synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand from the DNA template.

Question 2

During translation, which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Peptidyl transferase

Question 3

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by rapid protein synthesis and cell growth to double its original size before cell division?

Accepted Answer

G1 phase

Question 4

What is the net ATP gain from glycolysis per molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$2$

Question 5

Which of the following statements about oxidative phosphorylation is correct?

Accepted Answer

It uses NADH and FADH2 to donate electrons to the electron transport chain, generating ATP.

Question 6

If a cell is unable to remove introns from its pre-mRNA, what is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The mRNA will contain non-coding sequences, leading to a nonfunctional or truncated protein.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed.

Question 8

A patient is experiencing ketoacidosis due to rapid breakdown of triglycerides. Which metabolic pathway is most directly responsible for the production of ketones?

Accepted Answer

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids

Question 9

Which of the following is a condensation reaction?

Accepted Answer

Joining amino acids to form a protein and water.

Question 10

During the electron transport chain, what is the primary function of the hydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Accepted Answer

To provide the energy needed for ATP synthase to generate ATP.

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the overall reaction for aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2} \rightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + 32\ \mathrm{ATP}$

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the specificity of enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes only bind to substrates with a complementary shape to their active site.

Question 13

A mutation causes the loss of function of the enzyme ATP synthase. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between hydrolysis and condensation reactions?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis uses water to break bonds, while condensation releases water when forming bonds.

Question 15

Which molecule is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($\mathrm{O_2}$)

Question 16

Which process is responsible for the breakdown of proteins into amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Proteolysis

Question 17

A cell is observed to have a high concentration of NADH and FADH2 but low ATP levels. Which part of cellular respiration is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

It is the synthesis of new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Question 19

Which of the following factors would NOT increase the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

Accepted Answer

Decreasing the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate

Question 20

Which of the following is a coupled oxidation-reduction reaction in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

NAD+ accepts electrons and is reduced to NADH while another molecule is oxidized.

Human Physiology: Protein Synthesis and Cellular Metabolism Study Notes

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