Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why eukaryotic cells can be much larger than prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain organelles that compartmentalize incompatible chemical reactions and increase reaction efficiency.

Question 2

A scientist discovers a cell with the following features: a single circular chromosome, ribosomes, a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, and flagella. To which domain does this organism most likely belong?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It processes, sorts, and ships proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 4

Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is responsible for protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 5

A mutation causes a eukaryotic cell to lack functional acid hydrolases. Which cellular process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Digestion and recycling of macromolecules in lysosomes

Question 6

Which of the following is a key difference between the phospholipids of Bacteria and Archaea?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial phospholipids have fatty acid tails bound to glycerol by ester linkages, while archaeal phospholipids have branched isoprenoid chains bound by ether linkages.

Question 7

A plant cell is observed to have a large central organelle filled with water, ions, and pigments. What is the primary function of this organelle?

Accepted Answer

Storage and maintenance of cell turgor pressure

Question 8

Which of the following best supports the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Both organelles contain their own DNA and ribosomes and can divide independently of the cell.

Question 9

A bacterial cell is exposed to a drug that disrupts peptidoglycan synthesis. What is the most likely effect on the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell wall will weaken, making the cell susceptible to lysis.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Providing structural support and facilitating intracellular transport

Question 11

A researcher isolates a cell with the following characteristics: presence of a nucleus, mitochondria, and a cell wall composed of cellulose. Which type of organism is this cell most likely from?

Accepted Answer

Plant

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They are the center of reduction–oxidation (redox) reactions and detoxify hydrogen peroxide.

Question 13

A mutation in a bacterial gene prevents the formation of fimbriae. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to surfaces or other cells

Question 14

Which of the following statements about ribosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and are responsible for protein synthesis.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why lysosomal enzymes are most active at pH 5.0?

Accepted Answer

Proton pumps in the lysosomal membrane maintain an acidic environment optimal for acid hydrolases.

Question 16

A cell is observed to have a high number of mitochondria. Which of the following is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Production of large amounts of ATP for energy-demanding processes

Question 17

Which of the following is a unique feature of archaeal phospholipids compared to bacterial phospholipids?

Accepted Answer

Archaeal phospholipids have branched isoprenoid chains bound by ether linkages.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes lipids, detoxifies harmful substances, and stores calcium ions.

Question 19

A cell is observed to have a rigid outer layer composed of peptidoglycan. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

This cell is most likely a bacterium, as peptidoglycan is a major component of bacterial cell walls.

Inside the Cell: Structure and Function of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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