Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in plants?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, which are used as reactants in cellular respiration to generate ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

Question 2

Given the chemical equation for cellular respiration: $$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP}$$, which of the following are the products of this process?

Accepted Answer

Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

Question 3

During a lab exercise, you measured CO$$_2$$ production at rest and after exercise. What result would you expect and why?

Accepted Answer

CO$$_2$$ production increases after exercise because cellular respiration rate increases to meet energy demands.

Question 4

Phenol red is used as a pH indicator in experiments. What color does phenol red turn in an acidic solution?

Accepted Answer

Yellow

Question 5

Which of the following variables would most directly increase the rate of photosynthesis in a plant?

Accepted Answer

Increasing light intensity

Question 6

In the process of extracting DNA from plant samples for GMO detection, what is the primary function of Chelex resin?

Accepted Answer

To bind and remove metal ions that could degrade DNA

Question 7

During PCR, what is the purpose of the denaturation step?

Accepted Answer

To separate the double-stranded DNA into single strands

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the rate of DNA amplification during PCR?

Accepted Answer

The amount of DNA doubles with each cycle, following the equation $$2^n$$, where $$n is $$the number of cycles.

Question 9

In gel electrophoresis, why do DNA fragments move toward the positive electrode?

Accepted Answer

DNA is negatively charged due to its phosphate backbone.

Question 10

A student loads DNA samples into the wells at one end of an agarose gel. Which electrode should the wells be placed closest to, and why?

Accepted Answer

Negative electrode, because DNA will migrate toward the positive electrode.

Question 11

Which of the following is a benefit of using genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture?

Accepted Answer

Increased resistance to pests, reducing the need for chemical pesticides.

Question 12

During the preparation of plant DNA for GMO detection, what is the purpose of using a vortex mixer?

Accepted Answer

To thoroughly mix and homogenize the sample, ensuring even distribution of components.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of primers in a PCR reaction?

Accepted Answer

Short DNA sequences that provide a starting point for DNA synthesis.

Question 14

A student counts 40 cells in interphase and 10 cells in mitosis in a garlic root tip. What is the percent of cells in mitosis?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{10}{50} 	imes 100 = 20\%$$

Question 15

Which stage of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the cell's equatorial plane?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 16

In the context of PCR for GMO detection, what is the role of Taq polymerase?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the primers.

Question 17

Why is a positive control important in a PCR experiment for GMO detection?

Accepted Answer

It confirms that the PCR reagents and protocol are working correctly.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a common way scientists share their research findings?

Accepted Answer

Private emails to friends and family

Question 19

If a DNA sample contains both the CaMV 35S promoter and the NOS terminator after PCR and gel electrophoresis, what does this indicate about the sample?

Accepted Answer

The sample likely contains genetically modified DNA.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about gel electrophoresis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Smaller DNA fragments move faster and farther through the gel than larger fragments.

Lab Practical Review: Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, GMOs, PCR, Gel Electrophoresis, and Scientific Communication

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