Q: A dehydration (condensation) reaction is crucial in the synthesis of which biological macromolecule, and what is the general equation for this process?

Proteins; $\text{Amino acid}_1 + \text{Amino acid}_2 \rightarrow \text{Dipeptide} + \text{H}_2\text{O}$

Q: Which of the following is the correct complementary base pairing in DNA?

$\text{Adenine} \leftrightarrow \text{Thymine}$ and $\text{Guanine} \leftrightarrow \text{Cytosine}$

Q: Which molecule is the immediate energy currency of the cell, and what is the equation for its hydrolysis?

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate); $\text{ATP} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{ADP} + \text{P}_i + \text{energy}$

Question 1

Which property of carbon allows it to form the backbone of organic molecules essential for life?

Accepted Answer

It can form up to four covalent bonds, allowing for complex branching and ring structures.

Question 2

A dehydration (condensation) reaction is crucial in the synthesis of which biological macromolecule, and what is the general equation for this process?

Accepted Answer

Proteins; $	ext{Amino acid}_1 + 	ext{Amino acid}_2 ightarrow 	ext{Dipeptide} + 	ext{H}_2	ext{O}$

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature while unsaturated fatty acids are liquid?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds, allowing them to pack tightly together.

Question 4

Which carbohydrate is the primary energy storage molecule in plants, and what is its structure?

Accepted Answer

Starch; a polysaccharide composed of $\alpha$-glucose units linked by $\alpha$-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 5

Which level of protein structure is directly responsible for the formation of alpha helices and beta sheets, and what type of bond stabilizes these structures?

Accepted Answer

Secondary structure; stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Question 6

A mutation changes a single amino acid in the active site of an enzyme. Which level(s) of protein structure could be affected, and what is the likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures; the enzyme's function may be altered due to changes in folding and active site shape.

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE regarding phospholipids in biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

They contain a hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

Question 8

Which statement best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and thymine, while RNA contains ribose sugar and uracil.

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct complementary base pairing in DNA?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Adenine} \leftrightarrow 	ext{Thymine}$ and $	ext{Guanine} \leftrightarrow 	ext{Cytosine}$

Question 10

Which molecule is the immediate energy currency of the cell, and what is the equation for its hydrolysis?

Accepted Answer

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate); $	ext{ATP} + 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} ightarrow 	ext{ADP} + 	ext{P}_i + 	ext{energy}$

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Storing genetic information

Question 12

A patient is diagnosed with a disorder that affects the phospholipid bilayer of their cells. Which symptom would most likely result from this condition?

Accepted Answer

Impaired transport of substances into and out of cells

Question 13

Which of the following correctly matches the macromolecule with its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Protein – Amino acid

Question 14

Which of the following is a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants, and what type of glycosidic bond does it contain?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose; $\beta$-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 15

Which of the following statements about nucleotides is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

They consist of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Question 16

A scientist is studying a molecule with the formula $C_6H_{12}O_6$. Which class of biomolecule does this most likely represent?

Accepted Answer

Monosaccharide

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure of ATP?

Accepted Answer

It contains three phosphate groups linked by high-energy bonds.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world example of hydrolysis in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Digestion of starch into glucose monomers by amylase in saliva

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

It modulates membrane fluidity and stability.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the formation of a peptide bond?

Accepted Answer

A carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another, releasing water.

Macromolecules and Biochemistry: Structure, Function, and Key Concepts

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