Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between monomers and macromolecules in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Monomers are small molecules that combine to form macromolecules through dehydration synthesis.

Question 2

Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood glucose levels, and what is its mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; it promotes the uptake of glucose by cells and stimulates glycogen synthesis.

Question 3

Where does glycolysis occur within the cell, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

In the cytoplasm; it breaks down glucose to produce ATP and pyruvate.

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the overall reaction for cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP}$$

Question 5

During the citric acid cycle, which molecule is produced as a result of the oxidation of acetyl-CoA?

Accepted Answer

CO$$_2$$

Question 6

Which metabolic process produces the most ATP in cellular respiration, and why?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation; because it uses the electron transport chain to generate a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

Question 7

What is the role of NADH and FADH$$_2 in $$cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

They donate electrons to the electron transport chain, enabling ATP production.

Question 8

How does oxygen increase the ATP yield during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing maximal ATP production.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of an essential nutrient, and why is it considered essential?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid lysine; because it cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from the diet.

Question 10

Which process is responsible for breaking down macromolecules into their monomers, and what is the chemical reaction involved?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism; hydrolysis reaction.

Question 11

A patient with diabetes mellitus has difficulty maintaining glucose homeostasis. Which hormone is deficient or not functioning properly in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the structure of a polysaccharide?

Accepted Answer

A polymer made up of many monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.

Question 13

During oxidative phosphorylation, what is the main function of the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

To create a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane, which drives ATP synthesis.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct input and output for glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Input: Glucose; Output: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 15

Which of the following statements about protein structure is correct?

Accepted Answer

Proteins are polymers made of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds.

Question 16

A person is fasting and their blood glucose levels drop. Which hormone is released to restore glucose homeostasis, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to release glucose.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of vitamins and minerals in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

They act as cofactors and coenzymes, enabling enzymes to catalyze metabolic reactions.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why oxygen is necessary for the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor, allowing electrons to flow and ATP to be produced.

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-life example of catabolism?

Accepted Answer

The breakdown of starch into glucose during digestion.

Macromolecules, Metabolism, and Cellular Respiration: Study Guide

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