Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process by which protein polymers are synthesized from amino acid monomers?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration reaction, which removes a water molecule to form a new peptide bond.

Question 2

A DNA molecule contains 30% adenine (A). According to Chargaff's rules, what percentage of guanine (G) would you expect to find in this DNA?

Accepted Answer

$$20\%$$

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the structure of DNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

The two strands run antiparallel to each other, with hydrogen bonds between the bases.

Question 4

Which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is usually double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded.

Question 5

Which level of protein structure is directly determined by the sequence of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 6

A mutation causes a single amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin protein, resulting in sickle-cell disease. This is an example of a change in which level of protein structure?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 7

Which of the following interactions is responsible for the secondary structure of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms

Question 8

What is the main function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

To carry genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why RNA is less stable than DNA?

Accepted Answer

RNA has a hydroxyl group at the 2' position of its ribose sugar, making it more chemically reactive.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in cells?

Accepted Answer

Storing hereditary information

Question 11

Which type of bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Question 12

A protein is exposed to high heat and loses its three-dimensional structure, becoming biologically inactive. This process is called:

Accepted Answer

Denaturation

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the quaternary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The arrangement and interactions of multiple polypeptide chains

Question 14

Which of the following statements about base pairing in DNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-life consequence of a change in the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

Development of sickle-cell disease due to a single amino acid substitution in hemoglobin

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the backbone of a polynucleotide strand?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of alternating phosphate and sugar groups.

Question 17

Which of the following interactions can reinforce the tertiary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

Disulfide bridges between cysteine side chains

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why pairing a purine with a pyrimidine is essential for the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

It ensures the double helix has a uniform width.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of side chains (R groups) in amino acids?

Accepted Answer

They give each amino acid its unique chemical properties and influence protein folding.

Macromolecules: Structure and Function of DNA, RNA, and Proteins

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