Question 1

A patient is diagnosed with depression. According to the neuroscientific perspective, which of the following is MOST likely considered a primary cause?

Accepted Answer

Chemical imbalance in the brain, such as altered neurotransmitter levels

Question 2

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the role of rewards and punishments in shaping behavior?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral (Learning) Perspective

Question 3

A psychologist argues that depression is caused by irrational negative thoughts such as 'I am unlovable.' Which perspective is this argument MOST consistent with?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive Perspective

Question 4

According to the biopsychosocial approach, which equation best represents the multifactorial nature of human behavior?

Accepted Answer

$$Behavior = Biology + Psychology + Social\ Factors$$

Question 5

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the humanistic perspective on depression?

Accepted Answer

Depression is caused by being constrained by family or society from realizing one's potential or goals.

Question 6

A researcher is studying how cultural norms and values influence the prevalence of depression in different countries. Which perspective is MOST relevant to this research?

Accepted Answer

Sociocultural Perspective

Question 7

Which major proponent is associated with the psychoanalytic perspective?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud

Question 8

Which historical figure is credited with starting the first psychology laboratory and is associated with structuralism?

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 9

A psychologist claims that depression may serve an evolutionary purpose. Which of the following is a plausible evolutionary explanation for sadness?

Accepted Answer

Sadness increases the likelihood of seeking social support, which can enhance survival.

Question 10

Which equation best represents the classical conditioning process described by Ivan Pavlov?

Accepted Answer

$$Neutral\ Stimulus + Unconditioned\ Stimulus \rightarrow Unconditioned\ Response$$

Question 11

Which perspective would MOST likely attribute depression to poverty, discrimination, and low social status?

Accepted Answer

Sociocultural Perspective

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a reason why seven psychologists might give different plausible explanations for a patient's depression?

Accepted Answer

All psychologists are exactly alike in their approach

Question 13

Which perspective would MOST likely focus on how a person's childhood experiences and unconscious conflicts contribute to depression?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective

Question 14

Which equation best represents the concept of operant conditioning as described by B.F. Skinner?

Accepted Answer

$$Behavior \xrightarrow{Reinforcement} Increased\ Likelihood$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the main contribution of philosophy to the development of psychology as a science?

Accepted Answer

Philosophy provided foundational questions about human nature and the mind-body relationship

Question 16

A psychologist is interested in how a person's beliefs about their ability to succeed influence their motivation and behavior. Which perspective is MOST relevant?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive Perspective

Question 17

Which of the following is a key feature of the biopsychosocial approach?

Accepted Answer

It integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to explain behavior.

Question 18

Which psychologist is known for developing the concept of the 'conditioned reflex'?

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov

Question 19

Which perspective would MOST likely explain depression as a result of being unable to fulfill one's potential or goals, leading to feelings of alienation?

Accepted Answer

Humanistic Perspective

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the behavioral and cognitive perspectives?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral perspective focuses on observable actions and their consequences, while cognitive perspective focuses on internal thought processes.

Major Perspectives and History in Psychology: Foundations and Approaches

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