Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between catabolic and anabolic pathways in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolic pathways break down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy, while anabolic pathways build complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input.

Question 2

Why are certain bacteria able to thrive in hot springs where temperatures can exceed 70°C?

Accepted Answer

Their enzymes are adapted to function optimally at high temperatures, maintaining their structure and activity.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about exergonic reactions is correct?

Accepted Answer

Exergonic reactions release energy and have a negative change in free energy ($$\Delta G \u003c 0).$$

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the structure of ATP and its comparison to other nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

ATP consists of a ribose sugar, adenine base, and three phosphate groups, similar to RNA nucleotides but with two additional phosphates.

Question 5

Which of the following definitions is correct for entropy?

Accepted Answer

Entropy is the measure of disorder or randomness in a system.

Question 6

Which process increases the rate of a chemical reaction in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Adding a catalyst such as an enzyme.

Question 7

According to the first law of thermodynamics, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed.

Question 8

When ATP is hydrolyzed, which type of reaction occurs and what happens to the released phosphate group?

Accepted Answer

A hydrolysis reaction occurs, and the phosphate group is transferred to another molecule (phosphorylation).

Question 9

During oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, what is the direct energy source that drives ATP synthase to produce ATP?

Accepted Answer

The flow of protons ($$H^+) $$down their electrochemical gradient from the intermembrane space to the matrix.

Question 10

Which molecule is the final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$O_2)$$

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between fermentation and cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP per glucose than cellular respiration.

Question 12

During the electron transport chain in mitochondria, what is pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space?

Accepted Answer

Protons ($$H^+)$$

Question 13

What makes the citric acid cycle a 'cycle'?

Accepted Answer

The final product, oxaloacetate, is also the initial substrate that combines with acetyl-CoA to begin the cycle again.

Question 14

Which of the following is a product of lactic acid fermentation?

Accepted Answer

Lactate

Question 15

In photosynthesis, what is the primary function of the light reactions?

Accepted Answer

To produce ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the Calvin cycle is correct?

Accepted Answer

It fixes $$CO_2$$ into simple sugars using ATP and NADPH.

Question 17

How do C4 plants differ from CAM plants in their method of carbon fixation?

Accepted Answer

C4 plants separate carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle by cell type, while CAM plants separate them by time (day vs. night) in the same cell.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains the relationship between wavelength of light and the amount of energy it carries?

Accepted Answer

Shorter wavelengths have more energy than longer wavelengths.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about photorespiration is correct?

Accepted Answer

Photorespiration uses $$O_2$$ instead of $$CO_2$$, consumes ATP, and releases $$CO_2.$$

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of antennae pigment molecules in the thylakoid membrane?

Accepted Answer

They harvest photons and transfer light energy to chlorophyll reaction centers.

Metabolism, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis: Study Guide for BIO 1111 Exam 3

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