Question 1

Which statement best describes the Gibbs Free Energy ($\Delta G$) of a reaction?

Accepted Answer

$\Delta G$ indicates the amount of energy available to do work in a system.

Question 2

During aerobic cellular respiration, which molecule is oxidized and which is reduced in the overall equation?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are highly specific for their substrates?

Accepted Answer

The active site of an enzyme has a unique shape and chemical environment that matches only certain substrates.

Question 4

Which graph would best represent the effect of a competitive inhibitor on enzyme activity at increasing substrate concentrations?

Accepted Answer

The initial slope decreases, but the maximum reaction rate ($V_{max}$) remains the same.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Serving as a direct source of electrons for the electron transport chain.

Question 6

In the process of glycolysis, which step requires the input of ATP?

Accepted Answer

Energy investment phase.

Question 7

Which statement correctly describes the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

Substrate-level phosphorylation directly transfers a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate, while oxidative phosphorylation uses a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis.

Question 8

Which enzyme is responsible for splitting water during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Photosystem II

Question 9

What is the main purpose of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

To fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules such as glucose.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about NAD+ and NADH is correct?

Accepted Answer

NAD+ accepts electrons and becomes NADH during cellular respiration.

Question 11

If a cell is exposed to a noncompetitive inhibitor, what is the expected effect on the enzyme's reaction rate graph?

Accepted Answer

The maximum reaction rate ($V_{max}$) decreases, but the initial slope remains unchanged.

Question 12

Which of the following is a product of alcoholic fermentation?

Accepted Answer

Ethanol

Question 13

What is the role of Rubisco in the Calvin Cycle?

Accepted Answer

It catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).

Question 14

Which of the following best describes chemiosmosis in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

Protons flow down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase, driving the synthesis of ATP.

Question 15

Which of the following is true about the splitting of water in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

It occurs in Photosystem II and provides electrons for the electron transport chain.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct equation for photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

$12\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + 6\mathrm{CO}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6\mathrm{O}_2 + 6\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}$

Question 17

Which statement best describes the role of coenzymes in enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

Accepted Answer

Coenzymes are non-protein molecules that assist enzymes by carrying chemical groups or electrons.

Question 18

During the electron transport chain in mitochondria, where is NADH oxidized?

Accepted Answer

At Complex I of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the movement of hydrogen ions (protons) during oxidative phosphorylation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space.

Question 20

Which of the following is a direct result of cyclic photophosphorylation in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Production of ATP only.

Metabolism, Enzyme Function, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis: Study Notes for General Biology

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