Question 1

Which part of the spinal cord is primarily composed of nerve cell bodies, and what is its function?

Accepted Answer

Grey matter; processes and integrates information due to the presence of nerve cell bodies.

Question 2

What is the main reason the outer part of the spinal cord appears white?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of axons with fatty myelin sheaths.

Question 3

Which statement best describes the role of synapses in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Synapses are gaps between nerve cells where neurotransmitters diffuse to transmit impulses.

Question 4

A patient is unable to respond quickly to a stimulus but shows a prolonged hormonal effect. Which system is most likely responsible for this response?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine system, because it produces slower and longer-lasting responses.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why hormones only affect certain tissues or organs?

Accepted Answer

Only cells with specific chemical receptors for the hormone can respond.

Question 6

Which gland is responsible for producing antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and what is its primary target organ?

Accepted Answer

Pituitary gland; kidneys

Question 7

A scientist is studying the effect of insulin on liver cells. Which property of liver cells allows them to respond to insulin?

Accepted Answer

Presence of insulin receptors on their membranes

Question 8

Which of the following is a key difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Exocrine glands secrete products through ducts; endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood.

Question 9

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of chemical coordination in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Blood sugar levels decrease gradually after insulin is released by the pancreas.

Question 10

If a person’s pituitary gland is damaged and cannot produce ADH, which physiological process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Control of water balance in the kidneys

Question 11

Which equation best represents the process of neurotransmitter diffusion across a synapse?

Accepted Answer

$\Delta C = \frac{C_2 - C_1}{d}$

Question 12

A researcher observes that a hormone only affects cells in the liver but not in the heart. What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

Liver cells have the specific receptors for the hormone, while heart cells do not.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system produces rapid, short-lived, and localized effects.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Directly producing antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 15

A patient with a malfunctioning pancreas is unable to regulate blood glucose levels. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why the nervous system can produce a localized effect?

Accepted Answer

Nerve impulses travel directly to specific target cells.

Question 17

Which of the following is a multi-step process involving both the nervous and endocrine systems?

Accepted Answer

A person feels stress, which triggers the hypothalamus to signal the pituitary gland to release hormones.

Question 18

Which formula would you use to calculate the rate of hormone secretion if the concentration of hormone in the blood increases from $C_1$ to $C_2$ over time $t$?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Rate} = \frac{C_2 - C_1}{t}$

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of an exocrine gland?

Accepted Answer

Sweat gland

Question 20

A person is experiencing dehydration due to a lack of ADH. Which equation best describes the relationship between water reabsorption ($W$) and ADH concentration ($A$) in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

$W \propto A$

Nervous and Endocrine Systems: Structure and Function

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