Q: Which of the following best describes the role of the Na\textsuperscript{+}/K\textsuperscript{+}-ATPase pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

It transports 3 Na\textsuperscript{+} out of the cell for every 2 K\textsuperscript{+} moved in, maintaining a negative interior.

Q: Which of the following events occurs during the depolarization phase of an action potential?

Voltage-gated Na\textsuperscript{+} channels open, allowing Na\textsuperscript{+} to flow into the cell.

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main functional difference between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Accepted Answer

The CNS is responsible for integrating information and making decisions, while the PNS transmits signals between the CNS and the rest of the body.

Question 2

Which of the following is a key evolutionary advantage of cephalization in nervous systems?

Accepted Answer

It allows for the concentration of sensory organs and processing centers at the anterior end, leading to more complex behaviors.

Question 3

A patient is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease that destroys myelin in the CNS. Which glial cell type is primarily affected?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why action potentials travel in only one direction along an axon?

Accepted Answer

The refractory period prevents the action potential from moving backward toward the cell body.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?

Accepted Answer

Transmitting electrical impulses between neurons

Question 6

A neuron receives several excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) at the same time. What determines whether the neuron will fire an action potential?

Accepted Answer

The summation of all EPSPs and IPSPs at the axon hillock determines if the threshold potential is reached.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of the Na	extsuperscript{+}/K	extsuperscript{+}-ATPase pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It transports 3 Na	extsuperscript{+} out of the cell for every 2 K	extsuperscript{+} moved in, maintaining a negative interior.

Question 8

Which of the following events occurs during the depolarization phase of an action potential?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated Na	extsuperscript{+} channels open, allowing Na	extsuperscript{+} to flow into the cell.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials 'jump' between nodes of Ranvier in a process called saltatory conduction.

Question 10

A neurotransmitter binds to a postsynaptic receptor and causes Cl	extsuperscript{--} ions to enter the cell. What is the likely effect on the postsynaptic neuron?

Accepted Answer

It will hyperpolarize, making it less likely to fire an action potential.

Question 11

Which of the following neurotransmitters is most commonly associated with excitatory signaling in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the effect of a drug that blocks the reuptake of serotonin at synapses?

Accepted Answer

It increases the duration and intensity of serotonin signaling in the synaptic cleft.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the conduction of a nerve impulse along a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Dendrite $$\rightarrow$$ cell body $$\rightarrow$$ axon hillock $$\rightarrow$$ axon $$\rightarrow$$ synaptic terminal

Question 14

A person is exposed to a toxin that prevents voltage-gated Na	extsuperscript{+} channels from opening. What is the most immediate effect on neuronal signaling?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials cannot be generated, so nerve impulses fail to propagate.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between a ganglion and a nucleus in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

A ganglion is a cluster of nerve cell bodies in the PNS, while a nucleus is a cluster in the CNS.

Question 16

Which of the following is a property of graded potentials but NOT action potentials?

Accepted Answer

They vary in magnitude depending on the strength of the stimulus.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the evolution of K	extsuperscript{+} channels with slower opening times than Na	extsuperscript{+} channels was crucial for nervous system function?

Accepted Answer

It allows for a distinct depolarization and repolarization phase during the action potential.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of nitric oxide (NO) as a neurotransmitter in vascular smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

It causes vasodilation by relaxing smooth muscle cells.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They form complex interconnections between other neurons, facilitating integration of information.

Nervous System Structure and Function: Organization, Neurons, and Electrical Signaling

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