Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Law of Segregation as proposed by Mendel?

Accepted Answer

Each individual has two alleles for each gene, and these alleles separate during gamete formation so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.

Question 2

In Mendel’s pea plant experiments, what was surprising about the F2 generation when crossing two F1 heterozygotes for flower color?

Accepted Answer

The white trait reappeared after being absent in the F1 generation.

Question 3

If a pea plant with genotype $$PP ($$homozygous dominant) is crossed with a plant with genotype $$pp ($$homozygous recessive), what will be the genotype and phenotype ratios of the F1 offspring?

Accepted Answer

Genotype ratio: 1 Pp; Phenotype ratio: 1 purple

Question 4

What is the expected phenotype ratio in the F2 generation when two heterozygous pea plants ($$Pp) $$are crossed for flower color, where purple is dominant to white?

Accepted Answer

3 purple : 1 white

Question 5

A test cross is performed between a plant with an unknown genotype for a dominant trait and a homozygous recessive plant. If some offspring show the recessive phenotype, what is the genotype of the unknown parent?

Accepted Answer

Heterozygous

Question 6

In a dihybrid cross between $$YyRr x$$ $$YyRr ($$where Y = yellow, y = green, R = round, r = wrinkled), what is the expected phenotype ratio in the F2 generation?

Accepted Answer

$$9:3:3:1$$

Question 7

Which phase of meiosis is most closely associated with Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase I

Question 8

Given the cross $$YyRr 	imes YyRR$$, what is the probability of producing an offspring with genotype $$yyRR$$?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{8}$$

Question 9

What does a pedigree chart show in genetics?

Accepted Answer

The inheritance pattern of a trait across generations in a family

Question 10

In the first pedigree image, what pattern of inheritance is most likely shown by the trait (red squares/circles)?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal recessive

Question 11

In the second pedigree, if individual 1 is affected by a dominant trait and individual 2 is also affected, what is the most likely genotype of individual 3 if they are unaffected?

Accepted Answer

Homozygous recessive

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

A red flower crossed with a white flower produces pink flowers.

Question 13

Which term describes a gene that affects multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits?

Accepted Answer

Pleiotropy

Question 14

If a trait is inherited in a recessive manner, what is the genotype of an affected individual?

Accepted Answer

Homozygous recessive

Question 15

Which of the following best describes codominance?

Accepted Answer

Both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype.

Question 16

How can you distinguish between a dominantly and recessively inherited trait in a pedigree?

Accepted Answer

Dominant traits appear in every generation, while recessive traits can skip generations.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Height in humans

Question 18

If a diploid organism has two alleles for a gene, what is the maximum number of different gametes it can produce for that gene?

Accepted Answer

Two

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype is the genetic makeup, phenotype is the observable trait.

Question 20

A parent with genotype $$AaBb$$ can produce which of the following gametes according to the FOIL method?

Accepted Answer

$$AB$$, $$Ab$$, $$aB$$, $$ab$$

Patterns of Inheritance: Mendelian Genetics, Probability, and Pedigree Analysis

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