Q: Which of the following best represents the overall sum equation for photosynthesis?

$$6\ \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6\ \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + \text{light energy} \rightarrow \mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6\ \mathrm{O}_2$$

Question 1

Which of the following best represents the overall sum equation for photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

$$6\ \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6\ \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + 	ext{light energy} ightarrow \mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6\ \mathrm{O}_2$$

Question 2

During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, which of the following is produced as a byproduct and released into the atmosphere?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{O}_2$$

Question 3

Which pigment is primarily responsible for absorbing light energy during photosynthesis, and what color of light does it absorb most efficiently?

Accepted Answer

Chlorophyll a; absorbs red and blue light most efficiently

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are used by the Calvin Cycle to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.

Question 5

Rubisco is a critical enzyme in the Calvin Cycle. What is one major drawback of Rubisco's activity in plants under hot, dry conditions?

Accepted Answer

It can catalyze a reaction with $$\mathrm{O}_2$$ instead of $$\mathrm{CO}_2$$, leading to photorespiration and reduced efficiency.

Question 6

Which adaptation allows CAM and C4 plants to minimize photorespiration?

Accepted Answer

They spatially or temporally separate $$\mathrm{CO}_2$$ fixation from the Calvin Cycle, increasing $$\mathrm{CO}_2$$ concentration near Rubisco.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the outcome of mitosis in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Two genetically identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Question 8

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle is primarily responsible for ensuring that DNA has been accurately replicated before mitosis begins?

Accepted Answer

G2 checkpoint

Question 9

How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Animal cells form a cleavage furrow, while plant cells build a cell plate.

Question 10

Which process is used by prokaryotes, such as bacteria, to reproduce and what is a key feature of this process?

Accepted Answer

Binary fission; it produces two genetically identical cells.

Question 11

Which of the following events during meiosis increases genetic diversity in offspring?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over between homologous chromosomes during prophase I

Question 12

A cell undergoes meiosis but nondisjunction occurs during anaphase I. What is a possible outcome for the resulting gametes?

Accepted Answer

Some gametes will have an extra chromosome, and some will be missing a chromosome.

Question 13

Which of the following best defines an allele?

Accepted Answer

A variant form of a gene at a particular locus on a chromosome.

Question 14

Gregor Mendel's law of independent assortment states that:

Accepted Answer

Alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation.

Question 15

A test cross is performed between a pea plant with an unknown genotype for a dominant trait and a homozygous recessive plant. If all offspring display the dominant phenotype, what is the genotype of the unknown parent?

Accepted Answer

Homozygous dominant

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of codominance in humans?

Accepted Answer

AB blood type, where both A and B alleles are expressed equally

Question 17

A woman with type A blood (genotype $$I^A i) $$and a man with type B blood (genotype $$I^B i) $$have a child. What is the probability that their child will have type O blood?

Accepted Answer

$$25\%$$

Question 18

Which chromosomal structural rearrangement involves a segment of a chromosome being reversed end to end?

Accepted Answer

Inversion

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why linked genes do not always follow Mendel's law of independent assortment?

Accepted Answer

They are located close together on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together.

Question 20

A geneticist observes that a certain allele is lethal when homozygous but not when heterozygous. What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring of two heterozygous parents for this allele?

Accepted Answer

2:1 (heterozygous : homozygous normal)

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