Question 1

Which of the following is a requirement for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

There must be no gene flow into or out of the population.

Question 2

In a population, the frequency of allele A is $p = 0.7$ and the frequency of allele a is $q = 0.3$. What is the expected frequency of heterozygotes (Aa) under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

$0.42$

Question 3

A population of 1000 individuals has the following MN blood group genotypes: 40 MM, 320 MN, and 640 NN. What is the frequency of the M allele?

Accepted Answer

$0.2$

Question 4

Which evolutionary force is described as random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events, especially in small populations?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift

Question 5

If the frequency of allele M in a population is $p = 0.2$ and the frequency of allele N is $q = 0.8$, what is the expected frequency of the MN genotype in the next generation?

Accepted Answer

$0.32$

Question 6

Which scenario best illustrates the bottleneck effect?

Accepted Answer

A disease kills most individuals in a population, leaving only a few survivors.

Question 7

In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if $p = 0.6$ and $q = 0.4$, what is the expected frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype ($aa$)?

Accepted Answer

$0.24$

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a condition required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Non-random mating

Question 9

A population of 500 individuals has 125 individuals with genotype AA, 250 with Aa, and 125 with aa. What is the frequency of allele A?

Accepted Answer

$0.5$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why the sickle cell allele is maintained at high frequency in some populations?

Accepted Answer

Heterozygous individuals have a survival advantage in malaria-endemic regions.

Question 11

If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following could be a possible cause?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection favoring certain genotypes

Question 12

Which formula correctly represents the sum of genotype frequencies in a population?

Accepted Answer

$p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$

Question 13

A population of 1000 people has 40 MM, 320 MN, and 640 NN individuals. What is the frequency of the N allele?

Accepted Answer

$0.8$

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of heterozygote advantage?

Accepted Answer

Individuals with one sickle cell allele and one normal allele are more fit in malaria regions.

Question 15

Which method is appropriate for calculating allele frequencies when all genotypes can be directly inferred from phenotypes?

Accepted Answer

Direct calculation

Question 16

If the frequency of allele a in a population is $q = 0.1$, what is the expected frequency of individuals homozygous for a ($aa$) under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

$0.01$

Question 17

Which of the following statements about allele frequencies is correct?

Accepted Answer

Allele frequencies in a population always add up to 1.

Question 18

A population experiences a sudden reduction in size due to a natural disaster. Which genetic phenomenon is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Bottleneck effect

Question 19

Which of the following is the source of new genetic variation in a population?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Question 20

In a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if the frequency of genotype AA is $0.36$, what is the value of $p$?

Accepted Answer

$0.6$

Population Genetics and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Principles and Applications

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