BackPractice Exam 2 Guidance: Cellular Energy, Photosynthesis, and Cell Division
Study Guide - Smart Notes
Tailored notes based on your materials, expanded with key definitions, examples, and context.
Q1. How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?
Background
Topic: Cellular Respiration and Energy Transfer
This question tests your understanding of how cells convert the energy stored in glucose into a usable form during cellular respiration.
Key Terms:
ATP (adenosine triphosphate): The main energy currency of the cell.
Cellular respiration: The process by which cells extract energy from glucose.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall that cellular respiration is a series of metabolic pathways that break down glucose and transfer energy.
Consider what molecule is produced as the direct energy carrier for most cellular processes.
Think about the fate of the energy released from glucose—does it get stored, lost, or transferred to another molecule?
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q2. The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy conversions, some energy is...
Background
Topic: Energy Flow in Biological Systems
This question is about the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and the fate of energy during these processes.
Key Terms:
Photosynthesis: The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Cellular respiration: The process of breaking down glucose to release energy.
Heat: A form of energy often lost during energy conversions.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the first and second laws of thermodynamics as they apply to biological systems.
Think about what happens to energy when it is transformed from one form to another in cells.
Consider whether all energy is perfectly conserved in chemical bonds, or if some is lost in another form.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q3. A kilocalorie is defined as...
Background
Topic: Units of Energy in Biology
This question tests your knowledge of the definition of a kilocalorie, a common unit of energy in biology and nutrition.
Key Terms:
Kilocalorie (kcal): A unit of energy, especially in food and metabolism.
Heat: Energy transferred due to temperature difference.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the scientific definition of a calorie and how it relates to water and temperature.
Remember that a kilocalorie is 1,000 calories.
Think about which option matches the definition involving water and temperature change.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q4. During cellular respiration, energy in glucose...
Background
Topic: Cellular Respiration and Electron Carriers
This question is about how energy from glucose is transferred during cellular respiration.
Key Terms:
Glucose: A simple sugar used as an energy source.
Electron carriers: Molecules like NADH and FADH2 that transport electrons.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the main steps of cellular respiration (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain).
Think about how energy is extracted from glucose—does it happen all at once or in steps?
Consider the role of electrons and electron carriers in transferring energy.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q5. Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________.
Background
Topic: Redox Reactions in Biology
This question tests your understanding of oxidation and reduction, which are key in cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Key Terms:
Oxidation: Loss of electrons.
Reduction: Gain of electrons.
"OIL RIG": Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the definitions of oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer.
Use the mnemonic "OIL RIG" to help remember which is which.
Match the correct terms to the blanks in the question.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q6. Which statement regarding the movement of electrons during cellular respiration is true?
Background
Topic: Electron Transport in Cellular Respiration
This question is about the fate of electrons as they are transferred during cellular respiration, especially in the electron transport chain.
Key Terms:
Electron transport chain: A series of proteins that transfer electrons to oxygen.
Reduction of oxygen: Oxygen gains electrons to form water.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall what happens to electrons as they are passed along the electron transport chain.
Think about the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration.
Consider what happens to oxygen when it accepts electrons.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q7. As a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of ________ ATP(s).
Background
Topic: Glycolysis and ATP Yield
This question tests your knowledge of how much ATP is produced (net) during glycolysis, the first step of cellular respiration.
Key Terms:
Glycolysis: The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.
ATP: The energy currency of the cell.
Net gain: The total produced minus the total used.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall how many ATP molecules are produced and how many are consumed during glycolysis.
Calculate the net gain by subtracting ATP used from ATP produced.
Choose the correct answer based on your calculation.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q8. Photoautotrophs...
Background
Topic: Types of Nutrition in Organisms
This question is about organisms that use light to make their own food from inorganic substances.
Key Terms:
Photoautotroph: An organism that uses light energy to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic sources.
Organic vs. inorganic molecules: Organic molecules contain carbon-hydrogen bonds; inorganic do not.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the definition of a photoautotroph.
Consider what raw materials are used by photoautotrophs to make food.
Identify which answer choice best matches this definition.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q9. The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from...
Background
Topic: Photosynthesis and Oxygen Production
This question tests your understanding of the source of oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis.
Key Terms:
Photosynthesis: The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Reactants and products: Substances consumed and produced in a chemical reaction.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the overall equation for photosynthesis.
Identify which molecule is split to provide the oxygen atoms that become O2 gas.
Match this to the correct answer choice.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q10. Which molecule is a reactant of photosynthesis?
Background
Topic: Photosynthesis Reactants and Products
This question is about identifying the molecules that are used up (reactants) in the process of photosynthesis.
Key Terms:
Reactant: A substance that is consumed during a chemical reaction.
Photosynthesis equation:
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the balanced equation for photosynthesis.
Identify which molecules are on the left side (reactants) of the equation.
Choose the correct answer from the options provided.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q11. What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis?
Background
Topic: Light Reactions in Photosynthesis
This question tests your understanding of what powers the movement of electrons in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
Key Terms:
Photon: A particle of light energy.
Electron transport chain: A series of molecules that transfer electrons.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall what happens when light strikes chlorophyll in the chloroplasts.
Think about what provides the energy to excite electrons to a higher energy state.
Identify which answer choice matches this energy source.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q12. Which statement comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration is false?
Background
Topic: Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
This question asks you to identify which statement is NOT true about the similarities and differences between these two processes.
Key Terms:
Photosynthesis: Consumes CO2, produces O2, uses light energy.
Cellular respiration: Consumes O2, produces CO2, releases energy from food.
ATP: Produced in both processes, but in different contexts.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Review the main features of both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Check each statement for accuracy based on what you know about these processes.
Identify the statement that does not match your understanding.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q13. Which color contributes the least energy to photosynthesis?
Background
Topic: Light Absorption in Photosynthesis
This question is about which wavelengths (colors) of light are least effective for photosynthesis.
Key Terms:
Chlorophyll: The main pigment in plants, absorbs certain wavelengths of light.
Absorption spectrum: Shows which colors are absorbed or reflected.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall which colors of light are absorbed and which are reflected by chlorophyll.
Think about the color of most plant leaves and what that indicates about absorption.
Choose the color that is least absorbed (and thus least useful for photosynthesis).
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q14. A packet of light energy is called a...
Background
Topic: Properties of Light
This question tests your knowledge of the terminology for a unit of light energy.
Key Terms:
Photon: A quantum of light energy.
Quantum: The minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the term used in physics and biology for a single "packet" of light energy.
Match this term to the correct answer choice.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q15. Which statement regarding sexual and asexual reproduction is true?
Background
Topic: Types of Reproduction
This question is about the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction, especially regarding genetic variation.
Key Terms:
Sexual reproduction: Involves two parents and increases genetic diversity.
Asexual reproduction: Involves one parent and produces genetically identical offspring.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the main differences between sexual and asexual reproduction.
Think about which process leads to more genetic variation in offspring.
Identify the statement that accurately reflects these differences.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q16. Which statement regarding cell division is false?
Background
Topic: Cell Division in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
This question asks you to identify which statement about cell division is incorrect.
Key Terms:
Cell division: The process by which cells reproduce.
Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms without a nucleus (e.g., bacteria).
Eukaryotes: Organisms with a nucleus (e.g., plants, animals).
Step-by-Step Guidance
Review the roles of cell division in different types of organisms.
Consider whether cell division is common or rare in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Identify the statement that does not fit with what you know.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q17. Sister chromatids are...
Background
Topic: Chromosome Structure
This question is about the definition and characteristics of sister chromatids.
Key Terms:
Sister chromatids: Identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere.
Centromere: The region where sister chromatids are attached.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall when sister chromatids are formed during the cell cycle.
Think about their structure and how they are connected.
Choose the answer that best describes sister chromatids.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q18. Which event occurs during interphase?
Background
Topic: Cell Cycle Phases
This question tests your knowledge of what happens during interphase, the longest phase of the cell cycle.
Key Terms:
Interphase: The phase of the cell cycle when the cell grows and DNA is replicated.
Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm, occurs after mitosis.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the main events of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases).
Identify which processes occur during interphase versus mitosis or cytokinesis.
Choose the event that correctly occurs during interphase.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q19. A benign tumor differs from a malignant tumor in that a benign tumor...
Background
Topic: Cancer Biology
This question is about the differences between benign and malignant tumors.
Key Terms:
Benign tumor: A mass of cells that does not invade other tissues.
Malignant tumor: A cancerous tumor that can spread (metastasize).
Metastasis: The spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the definitions of benign and malignant tumors.
Think about whether benign tumors spread or stay localized.
Identify the statement that correctly describes a benign tumor.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q20. Nondisjunction occurs when...
Background
Topic: Chromosome Segregation Errors
This question is about what happens during nondisjunction, a cause of genetic disorders.
Key Terms:
Nondisjunction: Failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis or mitosis.
Meiosis: Cell division that produces gametes.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall what should happen to chromosomes during meiosis I and II.
Think about what goes wrong during nondisjunction.
Choose the answer that best describes this error.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Q21. Which statement regarding mitosis and meiosis is true?
Background
Topic: Mitosis vs. Meiosis
This question tests your understanding of the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis, especially regarding chromosome behavior.
Key Terms:
Mitosis: Cell division that produces identical cells.
Meiosis: Cell division that produces gametes with half the chromosome number.
Sister chromatids: Separate during anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the stages of mitosis and meiosis and what happens to chromosomes in each.
Think about when sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes separate in each process.
Identify the statement that accurately describes these events.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
