Question 1

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis. How would the kidneys respond to help restore normal blood pH?

Accepted Answer

By increasing the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from the filtrate

Question 2

Which region of the nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water due to its high permeability, and what is the main driving force for this process?

Accepted Answer

Descending limb of the nephron loop; osmotic gradient in the medulla

Question 3

If the afferent arteriole leading to the glomerulus constricts, what will happen to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and why?

Accepted Answer

GFR will decrease because less blood enters the glomerulus

Question 4

A patient with chronic hypertension is given an ACE inhibitor, which blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. What is the expected effect on blood pressure and why?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure will decrease because less vasoconstriction and sodium reabsorption occur

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the effect of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) on the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases the number of aquaporins, enhancing water reabsorption

Question 6

If a person drinks a large volume of water in a short period, what changes would you expect in their urine osmolarity and volume?

Accepted Answer

Urine osmolarity decreases and urine volume increases

Question 7

Which of the following sequences correctly traces the path of filtrate through the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular capsule → Proximal convoluted tubule → Descending limb of nephron loop → Ascending limb of nephron loop → Distal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct

Question 8

A mutation causes the ascending limb of the nephron loop to become permeable to water. What would be the most likely effect on urine concentration?

Accepted Answer

Urine would become more dilute because the medullary osmotic gradient is disrupted

Question 9

Which hormone directly stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 10

A patient is found to have a blood osmolarity of $$320\ \mathrm{mOsm/L} ($$normal: $$285-295\ \mathrm{mOsm/L}). $$Which of the following renal responses would help restore osmolarity to normal?

Accepted Answer

Increased insertion of aquaporins in the collecting duct

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why the myogenic mechanism is important for kidney function?

Accepted Answer

It maintains a relatively constant glomerular filtration rate despite fluctuations in systemic blood pressure

Question 12

If the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is overactive, what is the most likely effect on blood pressure and blood volume?

Accepted Answer

Both blood pressure and blood volume increase

Question 13

Which of the following would most likely result in the production of hypertonic urine?

Accepted Answer

High levels of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 14

A patient with diabetes insipidus lacks functional anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). What would you expect regarding their urine output and osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

High urine volume and low urine osmolarity

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the proximal convoluted tubule in kidney function?

Accepted Answer

It is the main site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption

Question 16

If a person is dehydrated, which of the following hormonal changes would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Increased secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal convoluted tubule

Question 18

A patient has a mutation that causes the collecting duct to be impermeable to water, regardless of ADH levels. What would be the expected effect on urine volume and osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

Urine volume would increase and urine osmolarity would decrease

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using clearance of a substance such as inulin?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{GFR} = \frac{U_x 	imes V}{P_x}$$, where $$U_x is $$urine concentration, $$V is $$urine flow rate, and $$P_x is $$plasma concentration

Renal System: Structure, Function, and Homeostatic Regulation

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