Question 1

Which species concept uses reproductive isolation as the primary criterion for identifying species?

Accepted Answer

Biological species concept

Question 2

A plant species undergoes a massive error in meiosis, resulting in offspring with double the chromosome number of the parent. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Autopolyploidization

Question 3

Which of the following best describes an allopolyploid organism?

Accepted Answer

It is produced when parents of different species mate and an error in mitosis results in viable, nonsterile offspring.

Question 4

What is the most likely outcome when two isolated populations come into secondary contact and their hybrid offspring have lower fitness than either parent population?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement of divergence

Question 5

In a lake, two populations of whitefish begin to breed together after being separated. What evolutionary process is most likely occurring?

Accepted Answer

Fusion

Question 6

Which of the following is a real-world example of speciation by polyploidization?

Accepted Answer

Formation of Tragopogon minus from two diploid parent species

Question 7

Which pattern of evolutionary change is characterized by long periods of stasis interrupted by rapid bursts of change?

Accepted Answer

Punctuated equilibrium

Question 8

If two species of plants with chromosome numbers $2n = 12$ each hybridize and produce an offspring with $2n = 24$, what type of speciation has occurred?

Accepted Answer

Allopolyploid speciation

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a possible outcome of secondary contact between isolated populations?

Accepted Answer

Immediate extinction of both populations

Question 10

A population of salamanders is split by a geographic barrier, and over time, the two groups accumulate genetic differences. What type of speciation is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Allopatric speciation

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the chromosome number in a tetraploid organism formed by autopolyploidy from a diploid parent ($2n$)?

Accepted Answer

$2n 	imes 2 = 4n$

Question 12

Which process is most likely to result in the rapid appearance of new species in the fossil record?

Accepted Answer

Punctuated equilibrium

Question 13

What is adaptive radiation?

Accepted Answer

The process by which one ancestral species rapidly diversifies into many descendant species

Question 14

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Hybrid offspring have lower fitness, leading to increased reproductive isolation

Question 15

A hybrid zone forms between two species, and the hybrids display intermediate traits. What does this suggest about the fitness of hybrids?

Accepted Answer

Hybrids may have lower fitness than parent species

Question 16

Which of the following is a key difference between autopolyploid and allopolyploid speciation?

Accepted Answer

Allopolyploid speciation results in offspring with chromosomes from two different species

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why polyploidy is more common in plants than animals?

Accepted Answer

Plants can tolerate changes in chromosome number more easily than animals

Question 18

If a population experiences dynamic stasis, what does this mean?

Accepted Answer

The environment shifts back and forth, but the population shows little net evolutionary change

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of macroevolutionary pattern?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive radiation resulting in many new species from a common ancestor

Question 20

Which of the following statements about speciation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Speciation can occur rapidly through polyploidization, especially in plants

Speciation: Mechanisms and Patterns in the Origin of Species

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