Question 1

Which type of bond is primarily responsible for stabilizing the secondary structure (such as α-helix and β-pleated sheet) of a protein?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds

Question 2

A mutation causes a change in the primary structure of a protein. Which level of protein structure is directly affected by this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary structure is the 3D folding of a single polypeptide chain, while quaternary structure is the association of multiple polypeptide subunits.

Question 4

Which of the following carbohydrates is primarily used for energy storage in animals?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Question 5

What is the general chemical formula for monosaccharides?

Accepted Answer

$C_nH_{2n}O_n$

Question 6

Which of the following is a disaccharide formed by a dehydration reaction between glucose and fructose?

Accepted Answer

Sucrose

Question 7

A patient is unable to digest lactose. Which enzyme is most likely deficient, and what type of carbohydrate is lactose?

Accepted Answer

Lactase; disaccharide

Question 8

Which of the following statements about phospholipids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids are amphipathic, having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

Question 9

Which structural feature distinguishes saturated from unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds, causing kinks in the chain.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of chaperone proteins in cells?

Accepted Answer

They assist newly-formed proteins in folding into their correct three-dimensional shapes.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

A fatty acid

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why cellulose cannot be digested by humans?

Accepted Answer

Humans lack the enzyme to break the β-1,4 glycosidic bonds in cellulose.

Question 13

Which of the following correctly matches the nucleic acid with its function?

Accepted Answer

DNA: storage of hereditary information

Question 14

A scientist isolates a molecule with the formula $C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$. What type of carbohydrate is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Disaccharide

Question 15

Which of the following is a major structural difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains thymine, while RNA contains uracil.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of the role of hydrogen bonds in biological molecules?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the secondary structure of proteins and the base pairing in DNA.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the amphipathic nature of phospholipids and its importance in cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form bilayers that separate aqueous environments inside and outside the cell.

Question 18

A protein loses its three-dimensional structure when exposed to high temperature. What is this process called, and what is the likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Denaturation; the protein loses its biological function

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a polysaccharide and its biological function?

Accepted Answer

Starch: energy storage in plants

Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules: Proteins

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