Q: Which of the following is the correct flow of genetic information in a cell, as described by the central dogma?

$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$

Question 1

Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference between a dehydration reaction and hydrolysis in the context of biological macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration reactions join monomers to form polymers by removing a water molecule, while hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule.

Question 2

Which class of biological macromolecules does NOT consist of true polymers?

Accepted Answer

Lipids

Question 3

A glycosidic linkage is formed between two monosaccharides during the synthesis of which type of macromolecule?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate

Question 4

Which of the following is a storage polysaccharide found in animals, and where is it primarily stored?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen; stored in liver and muscle cells

Question 5

Why can't humans digest cellulose, even though it is a polymer of glucose?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose contains $\beta$ glycosidic linkages, which human digestive enzymes cannot break.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the structure of a phospholipid and its role in biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head, forming bilayers that separate the cell from its environment.

Question 7

Which type of bond links amino acids together in a protein, and what is the chemical reaction that forms this bond?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond; dehydration reaction

Question 8

A protein's tertiary structure is stabilized by several types of interactions. Which of the following is NOT typically involved in stabilizing tertiary structure?

Accepted Answer

Phosphodiester bonds

Question 9

Which of the following correctly matches a protein function with its example?

Accepted Answer

Transport protein – Hemoglobin carrying oxygen

Question 10

Which of the following environmental changes is most likely to cause a protein to denature?

Accepted Answer

A change in pH or temperature

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct flow of genetic information in a cell, as described by the central dogma?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$

Question 12

Which of the following correctly describes the difference between purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

Purines (adenine and guanine) have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring; pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil) have a single six-membered ring.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about DNA structure is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA consists of two antiparallel strands forming a double helix, with complementary base pairing.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of a phosphodiester linkage in nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

A bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another nucleotide

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why saturated fats are solid at room temperature while unsaturated fats are liquid?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fats have double bonds that create kinks, preventing tight packing.

Question 16

A mutation changes a single amino acid in the primary structure of a protein. Which levels of protein structure could potentially be affected?

Accepted Answer

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of protein misfolding?

Accepted Answer

Diseases such as Alzheimer's and mad cow disease

Question 18

Which of the following is true about enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts and can be reused multiple times.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol is a steroid that helps maintain membrane fluidity and is a precursor for other steroids.

Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

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