Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the overall process of cellular respiration?

$ \mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2} \rightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + \text{energy} $

Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the formation and breakdown of biological polymers?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis removes a water molecule to form a bond, while hydrolysis adds a water molecule to break a bond.

Question 2

Which of the following is the correct monomer-polymer pairing for the four main classes of biological macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

Amino acids - Proteins; Nucleotides - Nucleic acids; Monosaccharides - Carbohydrates; Fatty acids and glycerol - Lipids

Question 3

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic relative to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrink (crenate).

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids are essential for cell membrane structure?

Accepted Answer

They have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form a bilayer that separates the cell from its environment.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Storing genetic information

Question 6

A scientist discovers a new cell with a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Which of the following is most likely true about this cell?

Accepted Answer

It is a eukaryotic plant cell.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Both organelles contain their own circular DNA and double membranes, similar to prokaryotes.

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the overall process of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$ \mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2} ightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{energy} $

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP acts as an energy shuttle, transferring energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions.

Question 10

A protein is found to lose its function after being exposed to high heat, but regains function when cooled. Which level of protein structure is most likely affected by the heat?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary structure

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the differences between DNA and RNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose and is double-stranded; RNA contains ribose and is usually single-stranded.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct comparison between facilitated diffusion and active transport across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion does not require energy and moves substances down their concentration gradient, while active transport requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient.

Question 14

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. Which type of solution is the cell in?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy required for chemical reactions.

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-life example of energy coupling in cells?

Accepted Answer

Using the energy released from ATP hydrolysis to drive the active transport of sodium ions across a membrane.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why animal cells, but not plant cells, burst when placed in a hypotonic solution?

Accepted Answer

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall that prevents excessive expansion, while animal cells lack this structure.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of NADH in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It carries high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the three main types of cellular work driven by ATP?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical work (e.g., muscle contraction), transport work (e.g., pumping ions), and chemical work (e.g., synthesizing macromolecules)

Question 20

A mutation causes a protein to have a nonpolar amino acid replaced by a charged amino acid in its core. What is the most likely effect on the protein's structure and function?

Accepted Answer

The protein may misfold or lose function due to disruption of hydrophobic interactions.

Study Guidance for Biology: Biological Molecules, Cells, Membranes, Metabolism, and Cellular Respiration

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