Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP?

$$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + \text{energy}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient without energy input, while active transport moves substances against their gradient using ATP.

Question 2

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the production of ATP in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids form bilayers in aqueous environments?

Accepted Answer

Their hydrophilic heads interact with water, while their hydrophobic tails avoid water.

Question 5

A scientist labels a protein with a radioactive isotope and tracks its movement through the cell. The protein is first found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, then in the Golgi apparatus, and finally in vesicles near the plasma membrane. What process is being studied?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis and secretion

Question 6

Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 8

A mutation causes a protein to be misfolded and retained in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) instead of being transported to the Golgi apparatus. Which cellular process is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Protein secretion

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Digest macromolecules and recycle cellular components

Question 10

A cell is observed to have a large central vacuole, a cell wall, and chloroplasts. This cell is most likely from:

Accepted Answer

A plant

Question 11

Which of the following statements about osmosis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why glucose cannot easily cross the plasma membrane without a transporter?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is a large, polar molecule and cannot diffuse through the hydrophobic lipid bilayer.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion

Question 14

A scientist observes that a certain protein is present in the mitochondria but not in the cytosol. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

The protein was synthesized in the mitochondria and remained there.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It stabilizes membrane fluidity across temperature changes.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct statement about the sodium-potassium pump?

Accepted Answer

It requires ATP to move sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

Question 17

Which of the following is a polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Question 18

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects the function of lysosomes. Which of the following symptoms is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of undigested macromolecules in cells

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of tight junctions in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

They prevent leakage of extracellular fluid between adjacent cells.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes decrease the activation energy, allowing reactions to occur at cellular temperatures.

Study Guide: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Membranes, and Cellular Structure (Chapters 4-6)

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