Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 2

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to the 3' end?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 3

A cell with six homologous pairs has how many molecules of DNA in its nucleus during prophase of mitosis?

Accepted Answer

24

Question 4

Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes between meiosis I and meiosis II?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis I reduces chromosome number by half, while meiosis II separates sister chromatids.

Question 5

If the DNA template strand is 5'-CTATAGTACGACATTTAGAGGACTAAAGGACTGAAAATCAT-3', what would be the sequence of the complementary RNA produced during transcription?

Accepted Answer

$$5'-AUGAUUUUCAGUCCUUUAGUCCUCUAAAUGUCGUACUAUAG-3'$$

Question 6

Which process is responsible for the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over

Question 7

In the Hershey-Chase experiment, which molecule was labeled with radioactive phosphorus ($$^{32}P) to $$demonstrate that DNA is the genetic material?

Accepted Answer

DNA

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the role of telomerase in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It extends the ends of linear chromosomes to prevent loss of genetic information.

Question 9

A mutation that changes a codon from UAU (tyrosine) to UAA (stop) is best described as which type of mutation?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 10

Which enzyme is responsible for removing RNA primers and replacing them with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase I

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between leading and lagging strand synthesis during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously as Okazaki fragments.

Question 12

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in a frameshift mutation?

Accepted Answer

An insertion of one nucleotide

Question 13

During translation, what is the function of tRNA?

Accepted Answer

It carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the mRNA codon.

Question 14

Which of the following is a post-translational modification that can regulate protein function?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylation

Question 15

A geneticist uses PCR to amplify a segment of DNA. Which enzyme is essential for this process?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why Okazaki fragments are formed during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, so the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of ribosomes during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing mRNA from DNA

Question 18

A cell undergoes a mutation that disables its DNA ligase. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of transcription factors in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

They bind to specific DNA sequences to regulate transcription.

Question 20

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder caused by a single nucleotide substitution that does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Study Guide: Mitosis, Meiosis, Genetics, DNA Replication, and the Central Dogma

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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