Question 1

Which of the following best explains why Gram-negative bacteria are generally more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane that restricts the entry of certain antibiotics.

Question 2

A scientist discovers a prokaryote living in a hot spring with temperatures above 90°C and high salt concentrations. Which group does this organism most likely belong to, and what is the term for such organisms?

Accepted Answer

Archaea; extremophiles

Question 3

Which process allows a bacterium to acquire new genetic material from its environment, and what is this process called?

Accepted Answer

A bacterium takes up naked DNA from its surroundings; this is called transformation.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria originated from an ancestral alphaproteobacterium engulfed by a host cell.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of fungal hyphae?

Accepted Answer

Carrying out photosynthesis to produce glucose

Question 6

A lichen is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, such as algae or cyanobacteria.

Question 7

Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between animal form and function?

Accepted Answer

The large surface area of the alveoli in mammalian lungs increases the efficiency of gas exchange.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct pairing of animal tissue type and its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue – supporting and binding other tissues

Question 9

A patient is unable to sweat and has difficulty cooling down in hot environments. Which thermoregulatory process is most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Evaporation

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump ($$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$$ pump) in maintaining the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports $$3\ \mathrm{Na^+}$$ out and $$2\ \mathrm{K^+}$$ into the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient.

Question 11

During an action potential, which sequence of events occurs at the axon membrane?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization by $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ influx, followed by repolarization by $$\mathrm{K^+}$$ efflux

Question 12

Which brain region is primarily responsible for regulating homeostasis, including body temperature and hunger?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the sliding filament model of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Myosin heads pull actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere, shortening the muscle.

Question 14

What is the role of calcium ions ($$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}) in $$skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}$$ binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move and expose myosin-binding sites on actin.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why slow-twitch muscle fibers are more resistant to fatigue than fast-twitch fibers?

Accepted Answer

Slow-twitch fibers contain more mitochondria and rely primarily on aerobic respiration.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events at a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron, diffuses across the synaptic cleft, and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic division increases heart rate and inhibits digestion, while the parasympathetic division decreases heart rate and stimulates digestion.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Storing and releasing $$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}$$ ions to trigger muscle contraction

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates negative feedback in homeostatic regulation?

Accepted Answer

A rise in blood glucose triggers insulin release, which lowers blood glucose levels.

Study Guide: Prokaryotes, Protists, Fungi, Animal Form & Function, Nervous System, and Muscles

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards