Question 1

A patient with a mutation causing missing dynein motor proteins experiences chronic respiratory issues due to impaired cilia movement. Which cytoskeletal component is directly affected by this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the structure and protein subunits of microtubules?

Accepted Answer

Hollow tubes made of $\alpha$- and $\beta$-tubulin

Question 3

A researcher observes that vesicles containing neurotransmitters are not reaching the synaptic end of neurons in a patient with Alzheimer's disease. Which cytoskeletal component and associated protein are most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules and kinesin

Question 4

Which cytoskeletal component is primarily responsible for forming the nuclear lamina and anchoring the nucleus within the cell?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments

Question 5

A child with rapid aging and unstable nuclei is diagnosed with a mutation in the LMNA gene. Which cytoskeletal protein does the LMNA gene code for?

Accepted Answer

Lamin

Question 6

Which organelle is most abundant in muscle cells due to its role in storing and releasing calcium ions ($\mathrm{Ca^{2+}}$) for muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 7

A mutation deletes the gene responsible for forming vesicles at the trans end of the Golgi apparatus. What is the most likely effect on lysosome function?

Accepted Answer

Lysosomes will not be able to digest molecules because hydrolytic enzymes will not be delivered.

Question 8

Which of the following findings would NOT support the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts acquire some necessary proteins from the cytosol.

Question 9

Which cytoskeletal component is most dynamic and is involved in forming the cleavage furrow during cell division?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments (actin)

Question 10

Which motor protein is associated with microfilaments and is responsible for muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Myosin

Question 11

A patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has a mutation in a cytoskeletal protein that impairs its interaction with motor proteins, leading to thickened heart muscle. Which cytoskeletal component is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments

Question 12

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins destined for secretion or association with the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes and maintains an acidic environment for macromolecule digestion?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Protein sorting and secretion

Question 15

Which organelle is the primary site of cellular respiration and energy conversion in both plant and animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 16

Which cytoskeletal component provides a 'roadway' for the movement of materials within the cell and organizes chromosome movement during cell division?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 17

Which organelle is found only in photosynthetic eukaryotes and is the site of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Chloroplast

Question 18

Which cytoskeletal component is most stable and is responsible for anchoring organelles and maintaining cell shape?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered 'semiautonomous' organelles?

Accepted Answer

They contain their own DNA and can grow and reproduce independently, but rely on the cell for most proteins.

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of the nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope?

Accepted Answer

Forming passageways for small molecules and messenger RNA to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm

The Cytoskeleton and Endomembrane System: Structure, Function, and Cellular Organization

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