Q: Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which experiment provided the strongest evidence that DNA, and not protein, is the genetic material in cells?

Accepted Answer

Hershey and Chase's experiment using bacteriophages labeled with radioactive isotopes

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the antiparallel nature of DNA?

Accepted Answer

One DNA strand runs 5' to 3', while the other runs 3' to 5'

Question 3

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for relieving the tension ahead of the replication fork caused by unwinding?

Accepted Answer

Topoisomerase

Question 4

Which of the following statements about Okazaki fragments is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are short DNA segments synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication

Question 5

A mutation changes a DNA codon from $$	ext{GAA} to$$ $$	ext{GAG}. $$Both codons code for glutamic acid. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction, so the lagging strand is synthesized away from the replication fork in short fragments.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of the 5' cap added to eukaryotic mRNA during processing?

Accepted Answer

It serves as a template for DNA replication.

Question 8

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the RNA primer during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Primase

Question 9

A patient has a genetic disorder caused by the shortening of telomeres. Which enzyme is most likely defective in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Telomerase

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

It is ambiguous, meaning one codon can code for multiple amino acids.

Question 12

Which process removes introns from a primary RNA transcript?

Accepted Answer

RNA splicing

Question 13

A mutation causes a codon to change from $$	ext{UAC} ($$tyrosine) to $$	ext{UAA} ($$stop codon). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It brings specific amino acids to the ribosome based on codon-anticodon pairing.

Question 15

Which of the following is a direct result of a frameshift mutation?

Accepted Answer

The reading frame of the mRNA is altered, potentially changing every amino acid downstream.

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the RNA primer at the 5' end of the leading strand cannot be replaced with DNA nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

There is no upstream 3' OH group for DNA polymerase to extend from.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Transcription $$\rightarrow$$ RNA processing $$\rightarrow$$ Translation

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of spliceosomes?

Accepted Answer

They remove introns and join exons in pre-mRNA.

Question 20

A scientist observes that a certain gene is transcribed but not translated into a protein. Which of the following is a possible explanation?

Accepted Answer

The mRNA contains a premature stop codon due to a nonsense mutation.

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