Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in biological macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis forms polymers from monomers by removing water, while hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers by adding water.

Question 2

A patient is unable to digest starch but can digest sucrose. Which enzyme is most likely deficient, and what type of macromolecule is affected?

Accepted Answer

Amylase; carbohydrate

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a polymer?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipid

Question 4

Which structural feature distinguishes saturated from unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

Question 5

A dehydration reaction between two glucose molecules results in the formation of which disaccharide and what byproduct?

Accepted Answer

Maltose and $ \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} $

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids form bilayers in aqueous environments?

Accepted Answer

Their hydrophobic tails avoid water while their hydrophilic heads interact with water.

Question 7

Which level of protein structure is directly determined by the sequence of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 8

A mutation changes a single amino acid in a protein. Which level(s) of protein structure could be affected as a result?

Accepted Answer

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and possibly quaternary structures

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule and its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate – monosaccharide

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of chitin in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

It forms the exoskeleton of arthropods and provides structural support.

Question 11

A scientist is studying a molecule with the formula $ \mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 $. Which class of macromolecule is this molecule most likely a monomer for?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate

Question 12

Which of the following statements about nucleic acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains the sugar ribose.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are considered catalysts?

Accepted Answer

They speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

Question 14

A triglyceride is formed by joining three fatty acids to a glycerol molecule. How many molecules of water are produced during this process?

Accepted Answer

Three

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of defensive proteins in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Inactivating and destroying viruses and bacteria

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between an alpha ($ \alpha $) and beta ($ \beta $) glucose ring structure?

Accepted Answer

The position of the hydroxyl group ($ -OH $) on carbon 1 differs between $ \alpha $ and $ \beta $ glucose.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why cellulose cannot be digested by most animals?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose is composed of $ \beta $ glucose monomers, and most animals lack the enzyme to hydrolyze $ \beta $ linkages.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of the quaternary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

It is the association of two or more polypeptide chains to form a functional protein.

Question 19

A mutation in the gene encoding hemoglobin causes sickle cell disease. Which property of proteins does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A change in primary structure can affect the protein's overall shape and function.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the backbone of a polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

It is formed by a repeating sequence of $ -\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{C}_\alpha-\mathrm{C}- $ atoms linked by peptide bonds.

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

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