Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why lipids are not considered true polymers?

Accepted Answer

Lipids are not formed from repeating monomer units and do not undergo polymerization like carbohydrates, proteins, or nucleic acids.

Question 2

A dehydration reaction is crucial in the synthesis of biological macromolecules. Which equation correctly represents the dehydration reaction that forms a disaccharide from two monosaccharides?

Accepted Answer

$C_6H_{12}O_6 + C_6H_{12}O_6 \rightarrow C_{12}H_{22}O_{11} + H_2O$

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between an aldose and a ketose monosaccharide?

Accepted Answer

Aldoses have a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain, while ketoses have it within the chain.

Question 4

Which polysaccharide is used for structural support in plant cell walls, and what type of glycosidic linkage does it contain?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose; $\beta$ 1-4 glycosidic linkage

Question 5

Which of the following is a major difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and are usually solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds and are usually liquid.

Question 6

Phospholipids are essential for cell membrane structure. What property allows them to form bilayers in aqueous environments?

Accepted Answer

They have both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, allowing them to self-assemble into bilayers.

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct sequence of protein structural levels from simplest to most complex?

Accepted Answer

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Question 8

A mutation causes a single amino acid substitution in the primary structure of a protein. Which level(s) of protein structure could be affected as a result?

Accepted Answer

All levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

Question 9

Which of the following bonds is responsible for linking amino acids together in a polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is usually double-stranded and contains deoxyribose; RNA is usually single-stranded and contains ribose.

Question 11

Which of the following correctly lists the three components of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

A phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Question 12

Which of the following is a purine?

Accepted Answer

Adenine

Question 13

What is the function of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

They act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why cellulose cannot be digested by most animals?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose contains $\beta$ 1-4 glycosidic linkages, and most animals lack enzymes to hydrolyze these bonds.

Question 15

Which of the following is a storage polysaccharide found in animals, and where is it primarily stored?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen; stored in liver and muscle cells

Question 16

Which of the following correctly describes the antiparallel nature of DNA strands?

Accepted Answer

One strand runs 5' to 3', while the other runs 3' to 5'.

Question 17

A patient is diagnosed with high cholesterol, which is a type of steroid. What is the structural feature that distinguishes steroids from other lipids?

Accepted Answer

Steroids have a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of protein denaturation in humans?

Accepted Answer

Denaturation of blood proteins at extremely high fevers can be fatal.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell?

Accepted Answer

DNA $\rightarrow$ RNA $\rightarrow$ Protein

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

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