Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular processes?

Accepted Answer

ATP acts as an energy shuttle, storing energy from food and releasing it to power cellular work.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a reaction that requires an initial input of energy to proceed. This input is known as:

Accepted Answer

Activation energy

Question 3

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the biological theme of 'Pathways that transform energy and matter'?

Accepted Answer

Turning the crank of a well to raise a bucket of water from below ground to the surface.

Question 4

During cellular respiration, what percentage of the energy from food is typically converted into useful work in humans?

Accepted Answer

34%

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why facilitated diffusion is considered a form of passive transport?

Accepted Answer

It moves substances down their concentration gradient without using cellular energy.

Question 6

A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrivel as water leaves the cell.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.

Question 8

A plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What happens to the cell and why?

Accepted Answer

It becomes turgid as water enters, but does not burst due to the rigid cell wall.

Question 9

Which of the following is a real-world example of active transport in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Glucose moving into a cell against its concentration gradient using a sodium-potassium pump.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of exocytosis?

Accepted Answer

The movement of materials out of the cytoplasm via membranous vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

Question 11

Which of the following is a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Every energy conversion increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe.

Question 12

A mutation in a gene coding for an enzyme results in a change in the enzyme's active site. Which major biological theme does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

The relationship of structure to function

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why heat is considered the most disordered form of energy?

Accepted Answer

Heat energy is the random motion of atoms and molecules, making it difficult to harness for work.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

Storing genetic information

Question 15

A patient is given an enzyme inhibitor that mimics the substrate and binds to the active site. What is the most likely effect on the enzyme's activity?

Accepted Answer

The enzyme's activity will decrease because the inhibitor blocks the substrate from binding.

Question 16

Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate?

Accepted Answer

$$ \mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + 	ext{energy} $$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes osmoregulation in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

The control of water balance to prevent excessive uptake or loss of water.

Question 18

A cell is placed in an isotonic solution. What will happen to the cell's volume?

Accepted Answer

It will remain the same as water moves in and out at equal rates.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the origin of membranes is supported by current scientific understanding?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids can self-assemble into simple membranes, which was a critical step in the evolution of the first cells.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the induced fit model of enzyme activity?

Accepted Answer

The enzyme changes shape slightly to fit the substrate more snugly upon binding.

The Working Cell: Energy, Enzymes, and Membrane Function

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