Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents aerobic cellular respiration?

$$\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6 \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6 \text{CO}_2 + 6 \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{ATP}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of NADH and FADH$$_2 in $$cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

They act as electron carriers, donating electrons to the electron transport chain to drive oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with a large number of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Which function is this cell most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis and secretion

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 + 6 	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 6 	ext{CO}_2 + 6 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 	ext{ATP}$$

Question 4

During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP produced, and by what process?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain by oxidative phosphorylation

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why fermentation produces less ATP per glucose molecule than aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation does not fully oxidize glucose, so less energy is extracted.

Question 6

A mutation prevents the formation of the H$$^+$$ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. What is the most immediate consequence for the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP synthesis by ATP synthase will decrease dramatically.

Question 7

Which of the following statements correctly compares substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

Substrate-level phosphorylation directly transfers a phosphate group to ADP, while oxidative phosphorylation uses a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis.

Question 8

Which of the following is a key advantage of C4 and CAM photosynthesis over C3 photosynthesis in dry environments?

Accepted Answer

C4 and CAM plants minimize photorespiration by spatial or temporal separation of carbon fixation.

Question 9

A plant is exposed to a toxin that inhibits the enzyme Rubisco. What is the most immediate effect on photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

The Calvin cycle will be unable to fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why most of a plant's dry biomass comes from carbon dioxide in the air?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis incorporates carbon from CO$$_2$$ into organic molecules, which accumulate as biomass.

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles

Question 12

A cell is observed to lack lysosomes. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular digestion of macromolecules

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus containing DNA, while prokaryotic cells have DNA in the nucleoid region.

Question 14

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 15

A cell is observed under a microscope with chromosomes aligned at the center of the cell. Which stage of mitosis is this?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 16

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the RNA primer during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Primase

Question 17

What is the main consequence of a mutation that disables the DNA excision repair system, as seen in xeroderma pigmentosum?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of DNA damage, leading to increased risk of skin cancer

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the leading and lagging strands during DNA replication is correct?

Accepted Answer

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments.

Question 19

Which molecule provides the energy for the polymerization of DNA during replication?

Accepted Answer

The hydrolysis of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)

Question 20

If a cell fails to properly regulate the cell cycle and undergoes uncontrolled division, what is a likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell may form a tumor, potentially leading to cancer.

Unit 2 Study Guide: Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, Cell Structure, Mitosis, and DNA Synthesis

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