Q: Which equation correctly represents the probability of two independent events both occurring?

$$P(A \ \text{and} \ B) = P(A) \times P(B)$$

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of short-distance cell signaling in animals?

Accepted Answer

Paracrine signaling between neighboring cells

Question 2

In the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway, what is the immediate effect of ligand binding to the receptor?

Accepted Answer

The receptor activates a G-protein by exchanging GDP for GTP

Question 3

Which phase of the cell cycle is primarily responsible for DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 4

During mitosis, what is the main function of the spindle apparatus?

Accepted Answer

To separate sister chromatids

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?

Accepted Answer

Sister chromatids are identical copies formed during DNA replication; homologous chromosomes are similar but not identical, one from each parent

Question 6

Which event occurs during prophase I of meiosis but not during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over between homologous chromosomes

Question 7

A cell with 8 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after cytokinesis?

Accepted Answer

8

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why cancer can result from mutations in cell cycle regulatory genes?

Accepted Answer

Mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell division by disrupting normal checkpoints

Question 9

Which of the following is true about the products of meiosis in humans?

Accepted Answer

Each gamete is haploid and genetically unique

Question 10

If a cell fails to pass the G2 checkpoint, what is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The cell will attempt to repair DNA damage or undergo apoptosis

Question 11

Which of the following best describes independent assortment?

Accepted Answer

The random alignment of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis

Question 12

A heterozygous individual for a single gene (Aa) is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual (aa). What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring?

Accepted Answer

1:1

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of codominance?

Accepted Answer

A person with AB blood type expresses both A and B antigens

Question 14

Which equation correctly represents the probability of two independent events both occurring?

Accepted Answer

$$P(A \ 	ext{and} \ B) = P(A) 	imes P(B)$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the law of segregation?

Accepted Answer

Alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation

Question 16

A woman who is a carrier for an X-linked recessive disorder has children with a man who does not have the disorder. What is the probability that their son will have the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$$0.5$$

Question 17

Which of the following is true about linked genes?

Accepted Answer

They tend to be inherited together because they are close on the same chromosome

Question 18

Which process increases genetic variation during sexual reproduction?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over during meiosis

Question 19

If a dihybrid cross is performed between two heterozygotes (AaBb x AaBb), what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring (assuming independent assortment)?

Accepted Answer

9:3:3:1

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally?

Accepted Answer

The egg provides most of the cytoplasm, including mitochondria, to the zygote

Unit 3 Study Guide: Cell Communication, Cell Cycle, and Genetics

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