Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the transcription of DNA to mRNA?

$$\text{DNA (template strand)} \xrightarrow{\text{RNA polymerase}} \text{mRNA}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of a viral capsid?

Accepted Answer

It is the protein coat that covers the viral genome and may take many different forms.

Question 2

Which statement correctly distinguishes between bacteriophages and animal viruses?

Accepted Answer

Bacteriophages infect bacteria, while animal viruses infect animal cells.

Question 3

A virus with a lipid envelope most likely acquired this structure from:

Accepted Answer

The host cell membrane during viral exit.

Question 4

Which step is essential for a virus to begin replication inside a host cell?

Accepted Answer

The viral genome must enter the host cell.

Question 5

During the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage, which event occurs first?

Accepted Answer

The phage injects its DNA into the host cell.

Question 6

In the lysogenic cycle, what is the fate of the viral DNA?

Accepted Answer

It integrates into the host chromosome and is replicated along with host DNA.

Question 7

Which enzyme is crucial for retroviruses to replicate their genome inside a host cell?

Accepted Answer

Reverse transcriptase

Question 8

A positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus can immediately:

Accepted Answer

Use its genome as mRNA for protein synthesis.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why viroids are considered infectious agents?

Accepted Answer

They consist of short, circular, single-stranded RNA that can replicate in host cells.

Question 10

Prions differ from viruses in that prions:

Accepted Answer

Are infectious proteins that cause disease by altering normal protein structure.

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the transcription of DNA to mRNA?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA (template strand)} \xrightarrow{	ext{RNA polymerase}} 	ext{mRNA}$$

Question 12

A virus infects a host cell and integrates its DNA into the host genome. This process is characteristic of:

Accepted Answer

The lysogenic cycle

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-world example of a retrovirus?

Accepted Answer

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Question 14

Which step in animal virus replication involves the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Entry of the virus into the host cell

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of host cell machinery in viral replication?

Accepted Answer

The host cell provides nucleotides, enzymes, ribosomes, and ATP for viral replication.

Question 16

Which of the following is true about the lytic and lysogenic cycles?

Accepted Answer

The lytic cycle results in host cell death, while the lysogenic cycle allows viral DNA to be replicated with the host genome.

Question 17

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of prion infection in animals?

Accepted Answer

Development of brain diseases due to misfolded proteins.

Question 18

Which of the following viruses would use host RNA polymerase for genome replication?

Accepted Answer

Double-stranded DNA viruses

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why some viruses are host-specific?

Accepted Answer

Viral surface proteins must match specific receptors on the host cell.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct multi-step pathway for retrovirus replication?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Viral RNA} \xrightarrow{	ext{reverse transcriptase}} 	ext{DNA} \xrightarrow{	ext{integration}} 	ext{host genome} \xrightarrow{	ext{transcription}} 	ext{mRNA}$$

Viruses: Structure, Replication, and Infectious Agents (General Biology Study Notes)

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