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Post-Transcriptional Regulators definitions

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  • RNA Processing
    Cellular events like splicing, export, and editing that determine if RNA becomes mature and ready for translation.
  • Translation
    The process where ribosomes synthesize proteins from mature mRNA, tightly regulated to control gene expression.
  • mRNA Degradation
    The breakdown of messenger RNA, influenced by factors like poly A tail length, impacting gene expression levels.
  • Exosome
    A multi-protein complex that degrades RNA molecules from the 3' to 5' end using exonucleases.
  • P-body
    A cytoplasmic or nuclear region where mRNA is stored, processed, or degraded, contributing to gene regulation.
  • Nonsense-Mediated Decay
    A surveillance pathway that degrades mRNAs with premature stop codons, preventing faulty protein production.
  • RNA Interference
    A gene-silencing mechanism using small RNAs to target and degrade specific mRNAs, defending against viruses.
  • siRNA
    Double-stranded RNA fragments processed by Dicer, guiding RISC to degrade complementary viral or foreign mRNAs.
  • miRNA
    Genome-encoded single-stranded RNAs forming hairpins, processed to regulate hundreds of mRNAs via RISC-mediated degradation.
  • RISC Complex
    A protein assembly that binds small RNAs, enabling sequence-specific mRNA recognition and degradation.
  • Dicer
    An enzyme that cleaves double-stranded RNAs into small fragments, initiating RNA interference pathways.
  • Argonaute
    A core RISC component responsible for cleaving target mRNAs bound by guide RNAs.
  • Phosphorylation
    A protein modification involving phosphate addition, altering protein activity and gene expression outcomes.
  • Ubiquitin
    A small protein that tags other proteins for degradation by the proteasome or lysosome.
  • Degron
    A specific protein region or sequence that signals for targeted protein degradation, controlling protein lifespan.