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ES Chem 15B Midterm

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  • List 3 Common Water Contaminants

    1. Bacteria

    2. Animal Waste

    3. Micro-organisms

  • What is Harmful Algal Bloom (HBAs)?

    When there is too much dead algea it can lead to the release of toxins due to too much organic matter in the water. Too much algea is also harmful because it can lead to a lack of oxygen

  • What are the 3 main properties of water?

    1. Water is liquid at room temperature

    2. Ice is less dense than liquid water

    3. A powerful solvent with high specific heat capacity

  • What are the 2 oxidation state number rules of H?

    1. When bonded to non-mentals H has a +1 charge

    2. When bonded to mental (metal hydrates) H has a -1 charge

  • What is Oxygen's oxidation state number in peroxides?

    -1 charge

  • What is Oxygen's oxidation state number in OF2?

    +2 charge

  • What is Hydronium's (H3O) charge?

    +1 charge

  • What is Sulfate's (SO4) charge?

    -2 charge

  • What is Phosphate's (PO4) charge?

    -3 charge

  • What is Parts-PolyFlourals Substances (PFAS)?

    A group of "forever chemicals" with C-H bonds that prevent them from breaking down the human body

  • What properties of fluorine make PFAS chemicals challenging to degrade?

    1. Very electromagnetic --> (small size & electron shielding)

    2. Forms Strong Bonds with C

  • What makes fluoride effective for preventing tooth decay?

    It's ability to form bonds with apatite minerals in our tooth enamel allows it to protect our enamel, making it more resistant to acidic foods.

  • Which ions make up soft water?

    Mostly Na+ and K+ ions

  • Which ions make up hard water?

    Mostly 2+ ions like Na2+, Ca2+, and Fe2+ (sometimes Fe3+ too)

  • Which part of soap molecule is nonpolar and what does it attract?

    The hydrocarbon tail is nonpolar, attracting fats and oils

  • Which part of soap molecule is polar and what does it attract?

    The hydrophilic head is polar, attracting water and washing off the oils and fats attracted by the hydrocarbon tail

  • List The Redox Ladder (Oh NO My FEet SO COld)

    1. O2

    2. NO3^-

    3. Mn^4+

    4. SO4^-2

    5. CO2

  • What is the Redox Ladder?

    A ladder that list from most to least favorable reactions in the environment. These reactions can be observed in soil, water, etc,. In soil, it influences nutrient availability,