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General Chemistry: Atomic Structure & Bonding

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  • Primary difference between ionic and covalent bonds
    Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
  • Atomic number of an element with 11 protons
    The atomic number is 11, which equals the number of protons in the element.
  • Mass number of an element with 11 protons and 12 neutrons
    The mass number is 23, calculated as protons (11) plus neutrons (12).
  • Why do noble gases rarely form chemical bonds?
    Noble gases have a full valence electron shell, making them chemically stable and unlikely to form bonds.
  • Balanced chemical equation for hydrogen and oxygen forming water
    The balanced equation is \(2H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O\).
  • pH indication of a substance turning pH strip bright red at pH 2
    A pH of 2 indicates the substance is an acid.