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Reactions in Aqueous Solution - General Chemistry

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Terms in this set (24)

  • What is a solution?
    A solution is a homogeneous mixture made of two or more components with a uniform composition.
  • Define solute and solvent in a solution.
    Solute is the dissolved portion; solvent is the component present in the largest amount that dissolves the solute.
  • What is molarity?
    Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
  • How do you calculate molarity?
    Molarity = \(\frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{liters of solution}}\).
  • What is osmolarity?
    Osmolarity is the total concentration of ions in solution, calculated as the number of ions per liter of solution.
  • How to calculate osmolarity from molarity?
    Osmolarity = (number of ions per formula unit) × (molarity of compound).
  • What is dilution?
    Dilution is the process of adding solvent to decrease the concentration of a solution.
  • What is the dilution formula?
    Dilution is calculated by \(M_1V_1 = M_2V_2\), where M and V are molarity and volume before and after dilution.
  • What are soluble compounds according to GANA CASH?
    GANA CASH represents groups of soluble ionic compounds, with exceptions that form insoluble compounds.
  • What are insoluble compounds according to COPS?
    COPS represents groups of insoluble ionic compounds, with exceptions that form soluble compounds.
  • What is an electrolyte?
    An electrolyte is a compound that conducts electricity by dissociating into ions in solution.
  • Difference between strong and weak electrolytes?
    Strong electrolytes fully dissociate into ions; weak electrolytes partially dissociate and have reversible reactions.
  • What are non-electrolytes?
    Non-electrolytes are molecular compounds that do not dissociate into ions, e.g., sugars and alcohols.
  • What is a molecular equation?
    A molecular equation shows reactants and products as intact compounds, not dissociated ions.
  • What is a precipitation reaction?
    A precipitation reaction forms an insoluble ionic compound (precipitate) as one of the products.
  • What is a gas evolution reaction?
    A gas evolution reaction produces a gas such as CO2, H2S, or NH3 as a product.
  • What is solution stoichiometry?
    Solution stoichiometry involves calculations using volume and molarity to find amounts of reactants or products.
  • What is a complete ionic equation?
    A complete ionic equation shows all soluble ionic compounds dissociated into their ions.
  • What is a net ionic equation?
    A net ionic equation shows only the ions and compounds directly involved in the chemical reaction, excluding spectator ions.
  • What is an oxidation number?
    An oxidation number is the charge an atom would have if electrons were assigned according to electronegativity.
  • What is a redox reaction?
    A redox reaction involves the transfer of electrons; oxidation is loss of electrons, reduction is gain of electrons.
  • How to balance redox reactions in acidic solution?
    Balance atoms except H and O, add H2O to balance O, add H+ to balance H, add electrons to balance charge, then combine half-reactions.
  • Additional step for balancing redox reactions in basic solution?
    After balancing as in acidic solution, add OH– to both sides to neutralize H+ and form water, then simplify.
  • What is the activity series?
    The activity series ranks elements by their ability to displace others in single displacement reactions; higher elements displace lower ones.