Guided Study for CHEM 14: Solutions, Equilibrium, and Acids/Bases

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q1. Describe the following terms: Solution, Solvent, Solute"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Solutions and their components"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the basic vocabulary used to describe mixtures in chemistry, specifically solutions."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Solution:"},{"type":"text","text":" A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Solvent:"},{"type":"text","text":" The substance present in the greatest amount; it dissolves the solute(s)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Solute:"},{"type":"text","text":" The substance(s) dissolved in the solvent."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Start by defining what a solution is in chemistry. Think about what makes a mixture a solution versus a heterogeneous mixture."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Next, identify the role of the solvent in a solution. Consider which component is usually present in the largest amount."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Finally, describe what a solute is and how it relates to the solvent in a solution."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try describing each term in your own words before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q2. Is water polar or nonpolar?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Molecular Polarity"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the polarity of water, which is crucial for understanding its properties as a solvent."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Concepts:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Polarity:"},{"type":"text","text":" Refers to the distribution of electrical charge over the atoms joined by the bond."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Water molecule (H2O):"},{"type":"text","text":" Has a bent shape and a difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and oxygen."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the molecular geometry of water and the electronegativity difference between hydrogen and oxygen."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about how the shape and charge distribution affect whether the molecule is polar or nonpolar."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to answer before checking the explanation!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q3. Describe the IMFs for solutes and the solvents that effectively dissolve them. What sorts of solutes dissolve well in polar solvents such as water? Nonpolar solvents? Be able to look at solutes and predict their water solubility."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Intermolecular Forces (IMFs) and Solubility"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how intermolecular forces affect solubility and the \"like dissolves like\" principle."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Concepts:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Intermolecular Forces (IMFs):"},{"type":"text","text":" Forces between molecules, such as hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, and London dispersion forces."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Polar solvents:"},{"type":"text","text":" Solvents with significant partial charges (e.g., water)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Nonpolar solvents:"},{"type":"text","text":" Solvents with little or no partial charge (e.g., hexane)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Review the types of IMFs and which types are present in polar and nonpolar molecules."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the \"like dissolves like\" rule: polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, nonpolar in nonpolar."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Practice predicting solubility by looking at the structure of a solute and identifying its polarity."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about examples of each type of solute and solvent pair."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try applying these ideas to predict solubility before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q4. Provide definitions for: Solubility (numerically), Saturated solution, Unsaturated solution"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Solution Chemistry"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent and the terminology used to describe different solution states."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Solubility:"},{"type":"text","text":" The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Saturated solution:"},{"type":"text","text":" Contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Unsaturated solution:"},{"type":"text","text":" Contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define solubility in terms of grams of solute per 100 g of solvent (or another standard unit)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe what it means for a solution to be saturated."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Contrast this with an unsaturated solution."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try writing out each definition before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q5. How does increasing temperature affect the solubility of a solid in water? Solubility of a gas in water?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Solubility and Temperature"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how temperature changes affect the solubility of different types of solutes."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Concepts:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Solubility of solids generally increases with temperature."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Solubility of gases generally decreases with temperature."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the general trend for solids: as temperature increases, more solid can dissolve."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the general trend for gases: as temperature increases, less gas can dissolve."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about why these trends occur in terms of molecular motion and energy."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to explain these trends in your own words before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q6. According to Henry’s Law, what effect does changing the pressure above a liquid have on the solubility of a gas in that liquid?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Gas Solubility and Pressure (Henry's Law)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how pressure affects the solubility of gases in liquids."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Formula:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Henry's Law: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C = kP"}}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C"}},{"type":"text","text":" = concentration (solubility) of the gas"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"k"}},{"type":"text","text":" = Henry's law constant"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"P"}},{"type":"text","text":" = partial pressure of the gas above the liquid"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall that Henry's Law states that the solubility of a gas is directly proportional to the pressure of that gas above the liquid."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about what happens to "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C"}},{"type":"text","text":" if "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"P"}},{"type":"text","text":" increases or decreases."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to state the relationship before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q7. What is meant by solution concentration?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Solution Concentration"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how the amount of solute in a solution is measured and described."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Concentration:"},{"type":"text","text":" The amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about different ways to express concentration (e.g., molarity, mass percent)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider why knowing the concentration of a solution is important in chemistry."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to define concentration in your own words before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q8. Understand the following units of concentration, how they can be calculated, and how they can be used as conversion factors: Mass percent (m/m), Volume percent (v/v), Mass/Volume percent (m/v), Molarity (M)"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Units of Concentration"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to calculate and use different units of concentration."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Formulas:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mass percent (m/m): "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\text{Mass percent} = \\frac{\\text{mass of solute}}{\\text{mass of solution}} \\times 100\\%"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Volume percent (v/v): "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\text{Volume percent} = \\frac{\\text{volume of solute}}{\\text{volume of solution}} \\times 100\\%"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mass/Volume percent (m/v): "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\text{Mass/Volume percent} = \\frac{\\text{mass of solute (g)}}{\\text{volume of solution (mL)}} \\times 100\\%"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Molarity (M): "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"M = \\frac{\\text{moles of solute}}{\\text{liters of solution}}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Review each formula and what the numerator and denominator represent."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Practice setting up a calculation for each type of concentration unit."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about how you could use these as conversion factors in stoichiometry problems."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try setting up an example calculation for each unit before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q9. Understand what a dilution is and how dilution calculations are performed."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Dilution of Solutions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how to prepare a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated one."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Formula:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"M_1V_1 = M_2V_2"}}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"M_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" = initial molarity"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" = initial volume"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"M_2"}},{"type":"text","text":" = final molarity"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_2"}},{"type":"text","text":" = final volume"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the initial and final concentrations and volumes."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the dilution equation using the known values."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Solve for the unknown variable (usually "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" or "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"M_2"}},{"type":"text","text":")."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try setting up a dilution problem before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q10. Describe the process of dissolving an ionic compound and a polar molecular compound using water as the solvent."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Dissolution Processes"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how different types of compounds interact with water during dissolution."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Concepts:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ionic compounds dissociate into ions in water."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Polar molecular compounds may dissolve without dissociating into ions."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe what happens to an ionic compound (e.g., NaCl) when it is added to water."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe what happens to a polar molecular compound (e.g., sugar) in water."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Compare and contrast the two processes."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to explain each process before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q11. What are electrolytes and nonelectrolytes? Be able to describe strong electrolytes, weak electrolytes and nonelectrolytes with examples of each."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Electrolytes in Solution"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how substances conduct electricity in solution and the differences between strong, weak, and nonelectrolytes."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Electrolyte:"},{"type":"text","text":" A substance that produces ions in solution and conducts electricity."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Nonelectrolyte:"},{"type":"text","text":" A substance that does not produce ions in solution."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Strong electrolyte:"},{"type":"text","text":" Completely dissociates into ions."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Weak electrolyte:"},{"type":"text","text":" Partially dissociates into ions."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define each term and give an example (e.g., NaCl for strong, acetic acid for weak, sugar for nonelectrolyte)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how each type behaves in water."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to list examples and definitions before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q12. What are colligative properties? Describe boiling point elevation and freezing point depression."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Colligative Properties"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of properties that depend on the number of solute particles in a solution."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Colligative properties:"},{"type":"text","text":" Properties that depend on the number, not the type, of solute particles."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Boiling point elevation:"},{"type":"text","text":" The increase in boiling point when a solute is added."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Freezing point depression:"},{"type":"text","text":" The decrease in freezing point when a solute is added."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define colligative properties and list examples."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe how adding a solute affects boiling and freezing points."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about why these changes occur at the molecular level."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to explain each property before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q13. Provide descriptions of the following and understand the direction of osmosis between differing solutions: Osmosis, Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic, Dialysis"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Osmosis and Solution Types"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how water moves across membranes and the terminology used to describe different solution environments."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Osmosis:"},{"type":"text","text":" Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Hypertonic:"},{"type":"text","text":" Solution with higher solute concentration."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Hypotonic:"},{"type":"text","text":" Solution with lower solute concentration."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Isotonic:"},{"type":"text","text":" Solutions with equal solute concentrations."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Dialysis:"},{"type":"text","text":" Separation of small solute particles from larger ones through a semipermeable membrane."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define each term clearly."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe the direction water moves during osmosis between hypertonic and hypotonic solutions."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain what happens to cells in each type of solution."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to describe each term and the direction of osmosis before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q14. What is activation energy? What is kinetics? How does activation energy requirement influence reaction rate?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Chemical Kinetics"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the energy required for reactions and how it affects the speed of chemical reactions."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Activation energy (Ea):"},{"type":"text","text":" The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Kinetics:"},{"type":"text","text":" The study of reaction rates."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define activation energy and kinetics."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how a higher or lower activation energy affects the rate of a reaction."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to explain the relationship before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q15. How do each of the following influence reaction rates? Temperature, Concentration of reactants, Presence of a catalyst"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Factors Affecting Reaction Rates"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of what can speed up or slow down a chemical reaction."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Concepts:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Increasing temperature generally increases reaction rate."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Increasing concentration of reactants generally increases reaction rate."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Catalysts lower activation energy, increasing reaction rate."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe how temperature affects molecular motion and collision frequency."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how concentration affects the likelihood of reactant collisions."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe the role of a catalyst in a reaction."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to explain each factor before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q16. What is a catalyst and how does it increase a reaction rate?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Catalysts in Chemical Reactions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of what a catalyst is and its effect on chemical reactions."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Catalyst:"},{"type":"text","text":" A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define what a catalyst is."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how a catalyst affects the activation energy of a reaction."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe what happens to the catalyst during the reaction."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to explain the role of a catalyst before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q17. What is a reversible chemical reaction?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Chemical Equilibrium"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of reactions that can proceed in both directions."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Reversible reaction:"},{"type":"text","text":" A reaction that can proceed both forward and backward."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define what makes a reaction reversible."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Give an example of a reversible reaction."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to define and give an example before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q18. What is chemical equilibrium?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Chemical Equilibrium"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Chemical equilibrium:"},{"type":"text","text":" The state in which the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define chemical equilibrium in terms of reaction rates."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe what happens to the concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to define equilibrium before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q19. Write a generalized equilibrium expression (Kc or Keq) for the equation: aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Equilibrium Expressions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to write the equilibrium constant expression for a general chemical reaction."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Formula:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"K_c = \\frac{[C]^c [D]^d}{[A]^a [B]^b}"}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the products and reactants in the equation."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the equilibrium expression using the concentrations of each species, raised to the power of their coefficients."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try writing the expression before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q20. Understand how to write an equilibrium expression and use it to calculate a Kc (Keq) for a chemical reaction."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Calculating Equilibrium Constants"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to use equilibrium concentrations to calculate the equilibrium constant."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Formula:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"K_c = \\frac{[\\text{products}]}{[\\text{reactants}]}"}},{"type":"text","text":" (with each raised to the power of their coefficients)"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the balanced chemical equation and identify the coefficients."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the equilibrium expression for the reaction."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Plug in the equilibrium concentrations for each species."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the calculation for "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"K_c"}},{"type":"text","text":" but stop before computing the final value."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try setting up the calculation before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q21. What does the size/magnitude of Kc tell you about the reaction, once it reaches equilibrium? Small Kc, Kc close to 1, Large Kc"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Interpreting Equilibrium Constants"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of what the value of the equilibrium constant means for a reaction mixture at equilibrium."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Concepts:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Small "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"K_c"}},{"type":"text","text":" means more reactants than products at equilibrium."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Large "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"K_c"}},{"type":"text","text":" means more products than reactants at equilibrium."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"K_c"}},{"type":"text","text":" close to 1 means significant amounts of both reactants and products."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall what a small, large, or intermediate "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"K_c"}},{"type":"text","text":" value indicates about the position of equilibrium."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about what this means for the concentrations of reactants and products."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to interpret each scenario before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q22. Describe Le Châtelier’s principle."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Le Châtelier’s Principle"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how a system at equilibrium responds to disturbances."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Concept:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Le Châtelier’s principle: If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it will shift to counteract the disturbance."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"State Le Châtelier’s principle in your own words."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think of an example where a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure disturbs equilibrium."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to describe the principle before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q23. According to Le Châtelier’s principle, how do the following influence an equilibrium? Adding or removing reactant or product (changing their concentrations), Adding a catalyst, Changing temperature (for endothermic and exothermic reactions)"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Applying Le Châtelier’s Principle"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to predict how a system at equilibrium will respond to various changes."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Concepts:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Adding reactant or product shifts equilibrium to use up the added substance."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Removing reactant or product shifts equilibrium to replace what was removed."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Adding a catalyst does not shift equilibrium, but speeds up attainment of equilibrium."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Changing temperature shifts equilibrium depending on whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For each change, predict the direction the equilibrium will shift."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain the reasoning for each prediction."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to predict the shifts before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q24. Recognize an Arrhenius acid and base and a Bronsted-Lowry acid and base. Be able to identify an acid or a base from an acid-base reaction equation."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Acid-Base Theories"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the definitions of acids and bases according to different theories."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Concepts:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Arrhenius acid:"},{"type":"text","text":" Produces H+ in water."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Arrhenius base:"},{"type":"text","text":" Produces OH- in water."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Bronsted-Lowry acid:"},{"type":"text","text":" Proton donor."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Bronsted-Lowry base:"},{"type":"text","text":" Proton acceptor."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Review the definitions of acids and bases for both theories."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Practice identifying acids and bases in a given reaction equation."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to identify acids and bases in sample equations before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q25. What are hydronium ions and hydroxide ions? Write an equation for the reaction of HCl with water and NH3 with water."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Acid-Base Reactions in Water"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the ions formed in acid-base reactions and how to write chemical equations for these processes."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Equations:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Hydronium ion (H3O+):"},{"type":"text","text":" The ion formed when an acid donates a proton to water."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Hydroxide ion (OH-):"},{"type":"text","text":" The ion formed when a base accepts a proton or when water self-ionizes."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define hydronium and hydroxide ions."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the balanced equation for HCl reacting with water."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the balanced equation for NH3 reacting with water."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try writing the equations before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q26. Describe and be able to identify conjugate acid/base pairs."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how acids and bases are related in a reaction."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Concepts:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Conjugate acid-base pairs differ by one proton (H+)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the acid and base on each side of a reaction equation."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Determine which species are conjugate pairs by comparing their formulas."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to identify conjugate pairs in a sample equation before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q27. What makes an acid strong or weak? What are some of the strong acids?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Acid Strength"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the difference between strong and weak acids and examples of each."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Concepts:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Strong acids completely ionize in water."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Weak acids only partially ionize."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define what makes an acid strong or weak."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"List some common strong acids (e.g., HCl, HNO3, H2SO4)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to list strong acids before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q28. Write an equilibrium expression for the dissociation of a weak acid and recognize what a Ka is and how it is calculated. What do small and large Ka values tell you about an acid?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Acid Dissociation and Ka"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to write equilibrium expressions for weak acids and interpret the acid dissociation constant."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Formula:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"K_a = \\frac{[\\text{products}]}{[\\text{reactants}]}"}},{"type":"text","text":" (for the weak acid dissociation reaction)"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the general equation for the dissociation of a weak acid (HA) in water."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the equilibrium expression for "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"K_a"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain what a small or large "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"K_a"}},{"type":"text","text":" value indicates about acid strength."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try to write the expression and interpret Ka before checking the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q29. Write the dissociation expression for water. What is the value for Kw?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Water Autoionization"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the self-ionization of water and the equilibrium constant for this process."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Formula:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"K_w = [H_3O^+][OH^-]"}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the balanced equation for the autoionization of water."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"cont