Question 1

Which of the following best describes the outcome of mitosis in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Each daughter cell receives a complete set of DNA identical to the parent cell.

Question 2

During which phase of mitosis do the duplicated chromosomes line up at the center of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 3

A scientist observes a human cell with visible duplicated chromosomes, but the chromosomes are not yet aligned. Which phase is the cell most likely in?

Accepted Answer

Prophase

Question 4

Which process directly follows mitosis in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

Cytokinesis

Question 5

If a human cell starts mitosis with 46 duplicated chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after mitosis and cytokinesis?

Accepted Answer

46 chromosomes

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why nerve and muscle cells do not divide in adulthood?

Accepted Answer

They are terminally differentiated and do not respond to cell division signals.

Question 7

Red blood cells are replaced every 120 days. If there are approximately $$30 	imes 10$$^{12}$$ red blood cells in the human body, estimate the number of red blood cells replaced per minute.

Accepted Answer

$$175 	imes 10$$^{6}$$

Question 8

Which term describes the process by which a cell becomes different from its parent or sister cell?

Accepted Answer

Differentiation

Question 9

Epigenetics refers to the study of:

Accepted Answer

How gene expression is altered by factors other than the DNA sequence.

Question 10

Which environmental factor can alter gene expression during cell differentiation?

Accepted Answer

Methylation of DNA

Question 11

During early human development, cells divide without growing. If a fertilized egg divides to form 16 cells, what happens to the size of each cell compared to the original egg?

Accepted Answer

Each cell is smaller than the original egg.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the relationship between gene expression and cell differentiation?

Accepted Answer

Cells differentiate because they begin to express different genes.

Question 13

A researcher is studying how histone modification affects gene expression in stem cells. Which field of study does this research belong to?

Accepted Answer

Epigenetics

Question 14

If a cell undergoes mitosis but fails to complete cytokinesis, what is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

One cell with two nuclei.

Question 15

Which of the following is a plausible consequence if environmental factors cause abnormal methylation of DNA during early development?

Accepted Answer

Cells may fail to differentiate properly, leading to developmental disorders.

Question 16

A mutation prevents the formation of spindle fibers during mitosis. What is the most likely effect on cell division?

Accepted Answer

Chromosomes will not be separated properly, leading to abnormal daughter cells.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why all cells (except gametes) in the human body have the same set of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis ensures each daughter cell receives an identical set of DNA.

Question 18

A patient has a genetic disorder affecting histone modification. Which process is most likely disrupted?

Accepted Answer

Gene expression regulation

Question 19

Which sequence correctly represents the order of events in the mitotic phase?

Accepted Answer

Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase → Cytokinesis

Question 20

If environmental factors modify histones associated with DNA, which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Gene expression will be altered without changing the DNA sequence.

Cell Reproduction and Differentiation

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