Question 1

During which phase of mitosis do the centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell, requiring energy in the form of ATP?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the outcome of mitosis in human somatic cells?

Accepted Answer

Two diploid cells, each identical to the parent cell

Question 3

A mutation in a gene regulating the G1 checkpoint of the cell cycle could most likely result in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled cell division, potentially leading to cancer

Question 4

Which event is unique to Prophase I of meiosis and contributes to genetic diversity?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over between homologous chromosomes

Question 5

If a cell with 46 chromosomes undergoes meiosis, what is the chromosome number in each resulting gamete?

Accepted Answer

$$23$$

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why eggs in females are larger than sperm in males after meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Eggs receive more cytoplasm during division, while sperm divide equally

Question 7

A patient is exposed to ionizing radiation, which disrupts cell cycle checkpoints. What is the most likely cellular outcome?

Accepted Answer

Cells may divide uncontrollably, increasing cancer risk

Question 8

Which of the following is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis results in diploid cells, meiosis results in haploid cells

Question 9

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate, resulting in a random combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase I

Question 10

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that DNA has been properly replicated before mitosis begins?

Accepted Answer

End of G2

Question 11

A cell undergoes mitosis but fails to complete cytokinesis. What is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

A single cell with two nuclei

Question 12

Which environmental factor is most likely to cause abnormal differentiation during fetal development, leading to birth defects?

Accepted Answer

Exposure to thalidomide

Question 13

Which process is responsible for the constant replacement of epithelial cells in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis

Question 14

In female meiosis, what happens to the polar bodies formed during division?

Accepted Answer

They usually degenerate and do not develop further

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the genetic makeup of daughter cells produced by meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Genetically unique from each other and the parent cell

Question 16

Which internal mechanism activates regulatory proteins to initiate specific events in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

Cyclins

Question 17

A scientist observes a cell with chromosomes aligned at the center of the cell and spindle fibers attached. Which phase is the cell most likely in?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 18

Which of the following equations correctly represents the chromosome number after fertilization in humans?

Accepted Answer

$$23 + 23 = 46$$

Question 19

Which process allows cells to become different from their parent or sister cells, often influenced by environmental factors?

Accepted Answer

Differentiation

Question 20

A cell in the stomach lining is exposed to harsh gastric juices and is replaced frequently. Which process is primarily responsible for this replacement?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis

Mitosis, Meiosis, and Cell Differentiation: Human Biology Study Notes

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