Q: Which equation best represents the normal range for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in adults?

$$90 \leq \text{GFR} \u003c 120\ \text{mL/min}$$

Question 1

A patient presents with dark, cloudy urine containing both protein and blood, along with facial edema and elevated blood pressure. Which renal disorder is most likely responsible for these findings?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulonephritis

Question 2

Which hormone acts primarily on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to promote water reabsorption, thereby reducing urine output?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 3

A patient with chronic kidney disease has a GFR of 28 mL/min. According to the professor's memory pattern, which stage of CKD does this correspond to?

Accepted Answer

Stage 4

Question 4

Which of the following is the most common type of kidney stone, and what condition increases its formation?

Accepted Answer

Calcium stone; dehydration

Question 5

A patient is experiencing stress incontinence. Which scenario best explains the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Weak bladder sphincter following vaginal childbirth

Question 6

If the afferent arteriole leading to the glomerulus constricts, what happens to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urine formation?

Accepted Answer

GFR decreases; urine formation decreases

Question 7

A patient with nephrotic syndrome is found to have massive edema, low albumin, and lipiduria. Which urine finding distinguishes nephrotic syndrome from glomerulonephritis?

Accepted Answer

Heavy proteinuria without blood in urine

Question 8

Which equation best represents the normal range for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in adults?

Accepted Answer

$$90 \leq 	ext{GFR} \u003c 120\ 	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 9

A patient with acute kidney injury (AKI) has oliguria and elevated serum creatinine. Which of the following is the most direct cause of these findings?

Accepted Answer

Decreased glomerular filtration

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on renal blood flow and GFR?

Accepted Answer

Renal vessels constrict; GFR decreases

Question 11

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. Which mechanism best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

Decreased erythropoietin production by the kidneys

Question 12

A patient is prescribed a diuretic that acts on the nephron to increase sodium and water excretion. Which effect is most likely to occur with loop diuretics such as Lasix?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia due to increased potassium excretion

Question 13

A patient with a complete ureter obstruction is at risk for which complication?

Accepted Answer

Hydronephrosis

Question 14

Which of the following findings is most likely in a patient with glomerulonephritis but not in a patient with a urinary tract infection?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocyte casts in urine without infection

Question 15

A patient with pyelonephritis is most likely to present with which physical finding?

Accepted Answer

Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why glucose appears in the urine of a patient with uncontrolled diabetes?

Accepted Answer

The filtered glucose exceeds the reabsorption capacity of the nephron

Question 17

A patient with chronic kidney disease is found to have azotemia, anemia, and acidosis. Which equation best represents the minimum urine output threshold that should prompt clinical concern?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Urine Output} \u003c 30\ 	ext{mL/hour}$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct effect of aldosterone on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Promotes sodium and fluid retention

Question 19

A patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is most likely to develop which complication as the disease progresses?

Accepted Answer

Chronic renal failure

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of efferent arteriole constriction on glomerular pressure and filtration?

Accepted Answer

Increases glomerular pressure and increases filtration

Urinary System: Structure, Function, Disorders, and Clinical Assessment

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