$$\text{Hematocrit} = \frac{\text{Volume of red blood cells}}{\text{Total blood volume}} \times 100$$

Question 1

A patient living at high altitude is found to have a hematocrit of 56%. Which of the following best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

The patient has polycythemia, which is a normal adaptation to high altitude.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the function of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

It decreases the surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse and increasing airflow.

Question 3

A person with blood type AB- can safely receive blood from which of the following donors?

Accepted Answer

O-

Question 4

During a forced vital capacity (FVC) test, which lung volumes are measured?

Accepted Answer

Expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why the heart cannot undergo tetanus like skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

The heart has a long absolute refractory period, preventing wave summation.

Question 6

A patient with emphysema is likely to have which of the following changes in lung function?

Accepted Answer

Decreased elastic recoil and difficulty with expiration

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of hematocrit?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Hematocrit} = \frac{	ext{Volume of red blood cells}}{	ext{Total blood volume}} 	imes 100$$

Question 8

A person with type O- blood is considered a universal donor because:

Accepted Answer

Their blood contains no A, B, or Rh antigens.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Accepted Answer

It serves as the pacemaker by generating action potentials autonomously.

Question 10

A patient is exposed to a chemical with the GHS pictogram showing a skull and crossbones. What is the primary hazard?

Accepted Answer

Acute toxicity (fatal or toxic)

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why a pneumothorax leads to lung collapse?

Accepted Answer

The intrapleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure, eliminating the pressure gradient needed for lung expansion.

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in an indirect ELISA test?

Accepted Answer

Add sample, add primary antibody, add secondary antibody, add substrate

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increases heart rate and force of contraction

Question 14

A patient with a history of multiple blood transfusions develops a transfusion reaction. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

The patient’s plasma contains agglutinins that react with donor antigens, causing red cell lysis.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the relationship between vessel radius and blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Blood flow is directly proportional to vessel radius.

Question 16

A patient with asthma is likely to have which of the following changes in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)?

Accepted Answer

FEV1 decreases to about 40% of normal during an attack.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the buffy coat in a centrifuged blood sample?

Accepted Answer

It contains white blood cells involved in immune defense.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why the myocardium of athletes is thicker than that of non-athletes?

Accepted Answer

Athletes’ hearts adapt to increased workload by increasing contractility and chamber volume.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the heme group in hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

It contains an iron atom that binds oxygen.

Question 20

A patient with arteriosclerosis is likely to experience which of the following changes in their arteries?

Accepted Answer

Decreased elasticity and increased resistance

A&P II Exam 1 Study Guide: Blood, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Immune Systems

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