Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete substances into ducts that lead to body surfaces or cavities.

Question 2

A target cell's sensitivity to a hormone can increase if the cell undergoes which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

Up-regulation, which increases the number of hormone receptors on the cell surface.

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is hydrophobic and binds to intracellular receptors?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 4

Which mechanism is NOT a way the body controls hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical stretching of muscle fibers

Question 5

Which structure connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Infundibulum

Question 6

Which hormone is released by the alpha cells of the pancreas and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; it increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver.

Question 7

A patient presents with exophthalmos, weight loss, and heat intolerance. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Graves disease

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the composition of adult hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

Two alpha and two beta globin chains, each with a heme group containing iron.

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 10

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg has a pulse pressure of:

Accepted Answer

$$40\ 	ext{mmHg}$$

Question 11

Which of the following is a granulocyte and is primarily responsible for fighting bacterial infections?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 12

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is involved in water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of the hormone melatonin?

Accepted Answer

Regulates circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement about the pulmonary circuit?

Accepted Answer

It carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

Question 15

Which of the following is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the stretch of the ventricular muscle fibers, the greater the force of contraction.

Question 17

Which of the following is a symptom of Cushing’s syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Moon face and abdominal obesity

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of platelets in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

They form a temporary plug at the site of blood vessel injury and release chemicals that promote clotting.

Question 19

Which blood type is considered the universal donor and why?

Accepted Answer

Type O negative, because it lacks A, B, and Rh antigens.

Question 20

A patient with liver failure is at increased risk for edema because:

Accepted Answer

Decreased plasma protein synthesis reduces colloid osmotic pressure, favoring filtration over reabsorption.

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Endocrine System, Blood, and Cardiovascular System

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