Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of erythrocytes in the human body?

Accepted Answer

To transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and assist in carbon dioxide transport

Question 2

A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and dyspnea. Laboratory results show a hematocrit of 30%. Which condition is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Anemia

Question 3

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid in erythrocytes, as shown in the equation below?

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \xleftrightarrow{carbonic\ anhydrase} H_2CO_3 \xleftrightarrow{} $$HCO_3$$^- + H^+}$$

Accepted Answer

Carbonic anhydrase

Question 4

A person with type O negative blood is considered a universal donor for red blood cell transfusions because:

Accepted Answer

Their RBCs lack A, B, and Rh antigens

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why sickle-cell anemia leads to pain and organ damage?

Accepted Answer

Sickled RBCs rupture easily and block small blood vessels, reducing oxygen delivery

Question 6

Which of the following is a direct effect of erythropoietin (EPO) on erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates the maturation of erythrocyte precursors in the bone marrow

Question 7

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. Which of the following best explains the pathophysiology?

Accepted Answer

Decreased production of erythropoietin leads to reduced RBC production

Question 8

Which of the following white blood cells is primarily responsible for combating parasitic infections and mediating allergic responses?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophils

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the ABO blood group system is correct?

Accepted Answer

Type O individuals have neither A nor B antigens on their RBCs

Question 10

A woman with blood type O negative is pregnant with a fetus who is Rh positive. What is the risk if she is not treated with anti-D immunoglobulin?

Accepted Answer

She may develop anti-D antibodies that cross the placenta and cause hemolytic disease of the newborn

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of platelets in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

They form a temporary plug by adhering to exposed collagen at injury sites

Question 12

Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of several clotting factors, and its inhibition is the mechanism of action for warfarin?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K

Question 13

A patient receives a transfusion of mismatched blood. Which of the following is the most immediate and dangerous consequence?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and hemolysis of donor RBCs, leading to renal failure

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why individuals with sickle-cell trait (heterozygous for Hb-S) have a survival advantage in malaria-endemic regions?

Accepted Answer

Their RBCs are less hospitable to malaria parasites

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of monocytes after they migrate into tissues?

Accepted Answer

They differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells, performing phagocytosis and antigen presentation

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of fibrinolysis?

Accepted Answer

Conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, which digests fibrin and dissolves the clot

Question 17

A patient with a WBC count of 15,000/μl and a high percentage of neutrophils is most likely experiencing:

Accepted Answer

A bacterial infection

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why vitamin B12 deficiency leads to macrocytic anemia?

Accepted Answer

B12 deficiency impairs DNA synthesis, causing RBCs to grow but not divide properly

Question 19

Which of the following is a key difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes?

Accepted Answer

Granulocytes contain visible cytoplasmic granules, while agranulocytes do not

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of heparin released by basophils?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits blood clotting and enhances movement of WBCs into tissues

Blood: Structure, Function, and Disorders – Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

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