Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

Cyclins and Cdks form complexes that activate enzyme cascades, allowing the cell to progress through key checkpoints in the cell cycle.

Question 2

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur, and what is the significance of this process?

Accepted Answer

S phase; it ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of genetic material.

Question 3

A scientist observes a cell with condensed chromosomes aligned at the cell's equator. Which stage of mitosis is being observed, and what is the importance of this alignment?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase; it ensures that each daughter cell will receive one copy of each chromosome.

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase

Question 5

A mutation causes a cell to lose its ability to undergo apoptosis. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The cell may become cancerous due to the accumulation of damaged or abnormal cells.

Question 6

Which checkpoint is considered the most critical in the cell cycle, and what happens if a cell does not pass this checkpoint?

Accepted Answer

G1 checkpoint; the cell enters G0 phase and ceases to divide.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains the function of telomerase in cells?

Accepted Answer

It lengthens telomeres, allowing cells such as germ cells and cancer cells to divide indefinitely.

Question 8

A patient is diagnosed with progeria, a disease that mimics accelerated aging. Which cellular abnormality is most closely associated with this condition?

Accepted Answer

A defective progerin protein in the nuclear lamina, resulting in an unstable nucleus.

Question 9

Which process is responsible for the removal of nonfunctional organelles and cytoplasmic debris within a cell?

Accepted Answer

Autophagy

Question 10

Which of the following statements about protein synthesis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Transcription occurs in the nucleus, where DNA is used to synthesize mRNA.

Question 11

Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Question 12

A cell is observed to have a cleavage furrow forming. Which process is occurring, and what is the main cytoskeletal component involved?

Accepted Answer

Cytokinesis; actin microfilaments

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the triplet code in DNA?

Accepted Answer

A sequence of three nitrogen bases that codes for a specific amino acid.

Question 14

What is the primary function of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in cells?

Accepted Answer

To mark and degrade unneeded, misfolded, or damaged proteins.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-life example of contact inhibition in cell division?

Accepted Answer

Skin cells stop dividing once a wound is healed and the gap is closed.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why cancer cells are considered 'immortal'?

Accepted Answer

They express telomerase, which prevents telomere shortening and allows unlimited divisions.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a cell cycle phase and its main event?

Accepted Answer

G2 phase – preparation for division

Question 18

A cell is exposed to a drug that inhibits the formation of the mitotic spindle. Which stage of mitosis will be directly affected, and what is the likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase; chromosomes will not align at the metaphase plate.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about exons and introns is correct?

Accepted Answer

Exons are coding regions of a gene, while introns are noncoding segments.

Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Protein Synthesis: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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