Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of gap junctions in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

They allow ions, nutrients, and water to move directly between adjacent cells.

Question 2

Desmosomes are especially important in which type of tissue?

Accepted Answer

Tissues that stretch, such as heart, lungs, and muscles.

Question 3

Which structure in plant cells is functionally analogous to gap junctions in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Plasmodesmata

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a component of the extracellular matrix in animals?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose

Question 5

A cell packed with rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is most likely specialized for which function?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis and secretion of proteins

Question 6

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for resisting compression within the cell?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 7

Which organelle is responsible for breaking down hydrogen peroxide ($$\mathrm{H_2O_2}) in $$cells?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisome

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why lysosomal enzymes function optimally at a low pH (around 5)?

Accepted Answer

Low pH prevents the enzymes from digesting the cell if they leak out.

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents the photosynthetic reaction occurring in chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{6CO_2 + 6H_2O + light\ energy \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2}$$

Question 10

A mutation that disrupts the function of cadherins would most directly affect which cellular structure?

Accepted Answer

Desmosomes

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the nuclear envelope is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It is a double membrane with pores that regulate movement of solutes and macromolecules.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus in the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

It sorts, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Accepted Answer

Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis, and detoxification of drugs

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why eukaryotic cells are typically larger than prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They use internal membranes (organelles) to increase surface area for metabolic processes.

Question 15

Which cytoskeletal element is most directly involved in muscle contraction and cell crawling?

Accepted Answer

Actin filaments (microfilaments)

Question 16

Which of the following is a unique feature of plant cell walls compared to animal extracellular matrices?

Accepted Answer

Presence of cellulose and lignin for support

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

They assemble amino acids into polypeptides using mRNA as a template.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

They convert stored energy in macromolecules into ATP.

Question 19

Which of the following structures is responsible for forming a watertight seal between adjacent animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of glyoxysomes in plant cells?

Accepted Answer

They convert fats (oils) into sugars.

Cell Structures and Intercellular Junctions: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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