Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It provides two-way communication between the brain and body and serves as a major reflex center.

Question 2

A patient suffers a spinal cord injury at the level of C5. Which of the following outcomes is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Quadriplegia, with loss of function in all four limbs.

Question 3

Which meningeal layer is directly attached to the surface of the spinal cord and brain?

Accepted Answer

Pia mater

Question 4

During a lumbar puncture, the needle is inserted into which space to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Accepted Answer

Subarachnoid space

Question 5

Which structure anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx, providing longitudinal support?

Accepted Answer

Filum terminale

Question 6

A patient presents with flaccid paralysis after a spinal cord injury. Which of the following best explains this condition?

Accepted Answer

Damage to ventral roots or ventral horn cells, resulting in loss of voluntary and involuntary muscle control.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?

Accepted Answer

Acting as a relay station for information coming into the cortex

Question 8

The blood-brain barrier is primarily formed by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Astrocyte end-feet and tight junctions between endothelial cells

Question 9

Which brain region is responsible for regulating autonomic functions such as heart rate and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Medulla oblongata

Question 10

A patient with damage to the substantia nigra is most likely to develop which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Parkinson's disease

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why scents often trigger strong, vivid memories?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the cerebral cortex is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of conscious mind, including awareness, sensory perception, and voluntary motor initiation.

Question 13

Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

Accepted Answer

Occipital lobe

Question 14

A patient is unable to initiate voluntary movements but can still perform reflex actions. Which area of the spinal cord is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Ventral horn cells

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the basal nuclei?

Accepted Answer

Filtering out incorrect or inappropriate motor responses

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the reticular activating system (RAS)?

Accepted Answer

It sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert.

Question 17

A patient with ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Loss of ability to speak, swallow, and breathe due to destruction of ventral horn motor neurons.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is correct?

Accepted Answer

CSF provides buoyancy, cushions the brain, and removes metabolic wastes.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why spinal cord injuries are so serious?

Accepted Answer

They can disrupt communication between the brain and the body, leading to paralysis and loss of function.

Question 20

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the organization of gray and white matter in the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

White matter is located on the outside, and gray matter is in the core.

Central Nervous System: The Brain and Spinal Cord

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