Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the innate immune system?

Accepted Answer

They are pattern recognition receptors that detect specific classes of microbes and trigger immune responses.

Question 2

A patient receives a mismatched blood transfusion and develops a rapid immune response. Which type of hypersensitivity is this, and which immunoglobulin is primarily involved?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic (subacute) hypersensitivity; IgM

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a function of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Directly produces antibodies to neutralize pathogens

Question 4

A virus-infected cell releases interferons. What is the primary effect of these interferons on neighboring cells?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate neighboring cells to produce proteins that block viral replication.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why HIV is particularly difficult for the immune system to defeat?

Accepted Answer

It destroys helper T cells and has a high mutation rate, allowing it to evade immune detection.

Question 6

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocyte mobilization during acute inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytosis → Margination → Diapedesis → Chemotaxis

Question 7

A child is born with a genetic defect resulting in a marked deficit of both B and T cells. Which condition does this describe, and what is the most effective treatment?

Accepted Answer

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID); hematopoietic stem cell transplant

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the complement system is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It can be activated by three different pathways: classical, lectin, and alternative.

Question 9

A patient with multiple sclerosis is experiencing destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Which immune system malfunction is responsible for this?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmunity, where the immune system attacks self-antigens.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of opsonization?

Accepted Answer

Pathogens are coated with molecules (opsonins) that enhance their recognition and ingestion by phagocytes.

Question 11

Which immunoglobulin class is the first to be released during a primary immune response and is a potent agglutinating agent?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 12

A person receives a vaccine containing dead or attenuated pathogens. What type of immunity is being developed?

Accepted Answer

Active artificially acquired humoral immunity

Question 13

Which of the following is a key difference between the innate and adaptive immune systems?

Accepted Answer

The adaptive system requires prior exposure to an antigen to mount a response, while the innate system does not.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the role of helper T cells (CD4+) in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They help activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages, and coordinate the adaptive immune response.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about antigenic determinants?

Accepted Answer

Antigenic determinants are the specific parts of an antigen that antibodies or lymphocyte receptors bind to.

Question 16

A patient is exposed to poison ivy and develops a skin rash 2 days later. Which type of hypersensitivity is this, and which immune cells are primarily responsible?

Accepted Answer

Delayed hypersensitivity; T cells

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of clonal selection in B lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

A B cell binds its specific antigen, is activated, and proliferates to form a clone of plasma cells and memory cells.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of regulatory T cells?

Accepted Answer

They dampen the immune response and help prevent autoimmune reactions.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for cytotoxic T cells?

Accepted Answer

They release perforins and granzymes to induce apoptosis in target cells.

Chapter 21: The Immune System – Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard