Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which antidiuretic hormone (ADH) conserves water in the body?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases the permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidneys by stimulating the insertion of aquaporins, allowing water reabsorption.

Question 2

A patient presents with a large, swollen thyroid gland (goiter) but low levels of thyroid hormone. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Insufficient dietary iodine, leading to lack of negative feedback and increased TSH secretion

Question 3

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating osteoclast activity and increasing blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 4

During the synthesis of thyroid hormone, which step involves the oxidation of iodide ($$I^-) to $$iodine ($$I_2$$)?

Accepted Answer

After iodide is actively transported into the follicle cell

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why alcohol consumption leads to increased urine output?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol inhibits ADH release, reducing water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 6

A patient with chronic stress is found to have elevated blood glucose, suppressed immune function, and reduced protein synthesis. Which hormone is most likely responsible for these effects?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 7

Which of the following is a direct effect of insulin binding to its receptor on a target cell?

Accepted Answer

Increased uptake of glucose and stimulation of glycogen synthesis

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of aldosterone in electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.

Question 9

A patient is experiencing polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Laboratory tests reveal hyperglycemia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes mellitus

Question 10

Which hormone is released in response to high blood calcium levels and acts to lower blood calcium, particularly in children?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why T3 is considered more active than T4 at the target tissue?

Accepted Answer

T3 binds to nuclear receptors with higher affinity and is ten times more active than T4.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of thyroid hormone (TH)?

Accepted Answer

Promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 13

A patient is found to have low blood sodium, low blood pressure, and high blood potassium. Which hormone deficiency is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of glucagon on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Question 15

Which of the following is a major effect of epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla during the alarm phase of the stress response?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood glucose and diversion of blood to skeletal muscles

Question 16

Which hormone is produced by the parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why patients with Type I diabetes mellitus experience polyuria?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose exceeds the renal threshold, causing osmotic diuresis.

Question 18

Which hormone is responsible for the 'letdown' reflex in lactating women, and what is its mechanism of regulation?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin, regulated by positive feedback

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of sodium and potassium balance

Question 20

A patient with a tumor in the adrenal medulla is likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate, hypertension, and elevated blood glucose

Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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