Question 1

Which of the following best explains why bone is both strong and somewhat flexible, rather than brittle or easily deformed?

Accepted Answer

Bone matrix is a combination of hydroxyapatite crystals (providing hardness) and type I collagen fibers (providing tensile strength and flexibility).

Question 2

A patient suffers a torn ligament in the knee. Which type of connective tissue is primarily damaged, and what is a key property of this tissue?

Accepted Answer

Dense regular connective tissue; it transmits and resists force in one direction.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about cartilage is correct?

Accepted Answer

Cartilage is avascular and relies on diffusion for nutrient delivery, resulting in limited repair capacity.

Question 4

During endochondral ossification, which sequence of events occurs as cartilage is replaced by bone?

Accepted Answer

Chondrocytes hypertrophy, secrete angiogenic factors, die, and are replaced by osteoprogenitor cells.

Question 5

Which type of cartilage is found at the articular surfaces of synovial joints, and what is a key feature of this cartilage?

Accepted Answer

Hyaline cartilage; it is slick, smooth, and lacks a perichondrium at articular surfaces.

Question 6

A patient presents with a herniated intervertebral disc. Which type of cartilage is primarily involved, and what is a key property of this tissue?

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage; it is tough, load-bearing, and has limited repair capacity due to lack of perichondrium.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the functional classification of the pubic symphysis joint?

Accepted Answer

Amphiarthrosis; slightly movable joint with fibrocartilaginous connection.

Question 8

Which accessory structure of synovial joints improves the fit between articulating bones and absorbs shock?

Accepted Answer

Meniscus

Question 9

A patient is unable to pronate or supinate their forearm. Which type of synovial joint is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Pivot joint

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the chemical formula for hydroxyapatite, the primary mineral component of bone?

Accepted Answer

$$Ca_5$$($$PO_4)_3OH$

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why injuries to ligaments heal slowly?

Accepted Answer

Ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue, which is avascular and has limited blood supply.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct pairing of joint type and its typical location?

Accepted Answer

Ball-and-socket joint – shoulder

Question 13

Which of the following statements about synovial fluid is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is produced by synoviocytes in the synovial membrane and acts as a lubricant and shock absorber.

Question 14

A patient has a torn meniscus in the knee. Which tissue is primarily affected, and what is a key property of this tissue?

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage; it is tough, load-bearing, and heals slowly due to lack of blood supply.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue?

Accepted Answer

Dense regular connective tissue has collagen fibers arranged in parallel, while dense irregular connective tissue has collagen fibers arranged in a random, interwoven meshwork.

Question 16

Which of the following joints is classified as a synarthrosis and is found in the axial skeleton?

Accepted Answer

Suture between cranial bones

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the perichondrium in cartilage?

Accepted Answer

It provides a source of blood vessels and nerves for cartilage, except at articular surfaces.

Question 18

Which of the following movements is possible at a condylar (ellipsoid) joint?

Accepted Answer

Flexion/extension and abduction/adduction

Question 19

A patient has difficulty abducting their thumb. Which type of synovial joint is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Saddle joint

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why articular cartilage is limited in thickness and repair capacity?

Accepted Answer

It lacks a perichondrium at articular surfaces and is avascular, limiting nutrient delivery and repair.

Joints: Structure, Types, and Cartilage in the Human Skeleton

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