Q: Which equation best represents the relationship between glomerular filtration rate (GFR), glomerular pressure (P), and arteriole radius (r)?

$$GFR \propto P \times r_{afferent}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of the nephron in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood, reabsorbs needed substances, and secretes wastes to form urine.

Question 2

If the afferent arteriole radius decreases, what is the expected effect on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and why?

Accepted Answer

GFR decreases because less blood enters the glomerulus.

Question 3

Which substances are normally NOT found in the filtrate within Bowman’s capsule due to their size or charge?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells and proteins

Question 4

A patient experiences a drop in blood pressure. Which combination of arteriole radius changes would best help the kidney maintain a normal GFR?

Accepted Answer

Increase afferent arteriole radius and decrease efferent arteriole radius

Question 5

Which equation best represents the relationship between glomerular filtration rate (GFR), glomerular pressure (P), and arteriole radius (r)?

Accepted Answer

$$GFR \propto P 	imes r_{afferent}$$

Question 6

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the nephron and urine concentration?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins, resulting in concentrated urine.

Question 7

If aldosterone is present but ADH is absent, what changes would you expect in urine volume and potassium concentration?

Accepted Answer

Urine volume decreases and potassium concentration increases.

Question 8

Which limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is permeable only to water, and what is the physiological significance of this?

Accepted Answer

Descending limb; it allows for water reabsorption and concentration of filtrate.

Question 9

A diabetic patient has glucose in their urine. Which of the following best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

The number of glucose carrier proteins in the nephron is insufficient to reabsorb all filtered glucose.

Question 10

Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal convoluted tubule?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 11

If the interstitial solute concentration at the base of the nephron loop increases, what happens to urine concentration and volume (assuming ADH is present)?

Accepted Answer

Urine concentration increases and urine volume decreases.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the effect of removing ADH on urine formation?

Accepted Answer

Urine becomes more dilute and volume increases.

Question 13

A patient with high blood pressure is given a drug that blocks aldosterone. What is the expected effect on their urine composition?

Accepted Answer

Increased sodium in urine and increased potassium in blood.

Question 14

Which process is responsible for moving substances from the peritubular capillaries into the nephron tubule for excretion?

Accepted Answer

Secretion

Question 15

If blood pressure increases from 80 mm Hg to 120 mm Hg, what is the expected effect on GFR, assuming arteriole radii remain constant?

Accepted Answer

GFR increases.

Question 16

Which of the following equations best describes the movement of water in the nephron under the influence of ADH?

Accepted Answer

$$Water_{reabsorbed} \propto [Aquaporins] 	imes (Osm_{interstitial} - Osm_{tubular})$$

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct effect of aldosterone on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Increased sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule

Question 18

A patient is dehydrated and has high plasma osmolality. Which hormone is likely to be secreted in higher amounts, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

ADH; increases water reabsorption and produces concentrated urine.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why proteins are not normally found in the urine?

Accepted Answer

Proteins are too large to pass through the glomerular filtration membrane.

Renal System Physiology: Nephron Function, Filtration, and Hormonal Regulation (Lab 8 PhysioEx Exercise 9 Review)

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