$$ P_{O_2$} = F_{O_2$} \times (P_{atm} - P_{H_2O}) $$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the respiratory system during inhalation?

Accepted Answer

The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing thoracic volume and decreasing intrapulmonary pressure.

Question 2

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs across the respiratory membrane. Which structures make up this membrane?

Accepted Answer

Epithelium of capillary wall, epithelium of alveolar wall, and fused basal laminae

Question 3

During external respiration, which direction do oxygen and carbon dioxide move?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen moves from alveoli into blood; carbon dioxide moves from blood into alveoli.

Question 4

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between pressure, volume, and breathing?

Accepted Answer

$$ P_1$ V_1$ = P_2$ V_2$ $$

Question 5

Which cell type in the alveoli is responsible for producing surfactant?

Accepted Answer

Type II cell

Question 6

A patient with emphysema has difficulty exhaling. Which of the following best explains why?

Accepted Answer

Scar tissue reduces elasticity, trapping air in alveoli.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal cavity?

Accepted Answer

Gas exchange with blood

Question 8

Which division(s) of the pharynx must handle the passage of food, liquid, and air?

Accepted Answer

Both oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 9

What is the primary function of cilia in the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the respiratory tract?

Accepted Answer

Move mucus toward the posterior nasal cavity

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the transition of epithelium from the conducting zone to the respiratory zone?

Accepted Answer

From pseudostratified ciliated columnar to simple squamous

Question 11

Which structure is responsible for initiating the cough reflex when irritated?

Accepted Answer

Carina

Question 12

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of a deviated nasal septum?

Accepted Answer

Disrupted air flow and increased risk of sinus infections

Question 13

Which equation would you use to calculate the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

$$ P_{O_2$} = F_{O_2$} 	imes (P_{atm} - P_{H_2O}) $$

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the right and left lungs?

Accepted Answer

The right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the serous membranes (pleurae) surrounding the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Reduce friction during breathing movements

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely occur if the stroma of the lungs became less elastic due to scar tissue?

Accepted Answer

Lungs would not inflate and deflate as well

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the movement of the diaphragm during exhalation?

Accepted Answer

The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward

Question 18

Which of the following is a plausible effect of cold air on the cilia in the nasal cavity?

Accepted Answer

Cilia slow down, causing mucus to accumulate and resulting in a runny nose

Question 19

Which of the following is true about the vocal folds?

Accepted Answer

Longer vocal folds vibrate slower, producing a deeper voice

Question 20

Which of the following is a plausible outcome for premature infants whose Type II alveolar cells are not fully functional?

Accepted Answer

They have difficulty inflating collapsed alveoli due to lack of surfactant.

Study Notes: The Respiratory System – Structure, Function, and Physiology

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